are the reproductive structures of gymnosperms.

Answer 1

The reproductive structures of gymnosperms include:

1. Strobili (Cones): Gymnosperms produce cones, which can be male or female:

   • Male Cones: These produce pollen grains, which contain the male gametes (sperms).
   • Female Cones: These produce seeds. They contain ovules (female gametes), which develop into seeds after fertilization.

2. Pollen Grains: These are the male gametophytes that develop from pollen sacs in male cones. They are transported by wind to female cones for fertilization.

3. Ovules: Located within the female cones, ovules contain the female gametes. After fertilization occurs, the ovules develop into seeds.

4. Seeds: Seeds are the matured ovules that contain the embryonic plant and its food supply, protected by a seed coat.

Gymnosperms do not produce flowers or fruits, which sets them apart from angiosperms (flowering plants). Instead, their reproduction relies on the exposure of seeds on cone scales.