Here are the answers to the questions based on the scenarios provided:
(a) The yoga instructor's conclusion:
- There is a correlation between amount of sleep and range of motion. There may or may not be causation. Further studies would have to be done to determine this.
(b) The traffic study's conclusion:
- There is a correlation between commute time and city population. There may or may not be causation. Further studies would have to be done to determine this.
(c) The company's finding about employees:
- There is no correlation between start time and amount of coffee consumed.
These conclusions acknowledge the relationships and the need for further investigation regarding causation without making unwarranted assertions.