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Answer each question in 1 sentence

1. DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid.
What does DNA carry?
What is the shape?
2. What base pairs are found in DNA and how are they paired? What is the different base that RNA has, and what does it pair with?
3. Describe a chromosome.
4. What types of cells undergo meiosis, and what is produced during meiosis?
5. What is crossing over, and in what phase of meiosis does it occur?
6. Describe the Law of Independent Assortment.
7. What are amino acids?
How many are there?
What is a codon?
8. What are environmental factors and how does it relate to genetics?
9. Summarize the types of mutations.
Substitution-
Insertion-
Frameshift-
Deletion-
Viable error-
10. What are homologous chromosomes?
11. What are somatic cells? What happens if there is a mutation on a somatic cell?
12. Why does color blindness affect males more than females?
13. Are all mutations a bad thing? Explain.
14. What is the difference between genotype and phenotypes?
15. What is the difference between codominance, and incomplete dominance?
16. How do you know which allele for a trait is dominant?
17. Complete this Punnett Square. Imagine Brown Eyes (T) are dominant to blue eyes (t).
The top values are T and t, and the left values are T and T
What is the percent chance (probability) of genotype TT?
What is the percent chance (probability) of genotype Tt?
What is the percent chance (probability) of genotype tt?
What is the probability of the phenotype of brown eyes?
What is the probability of the phenotype of blue eyes?

1 answer

  1. DNA carries genetic information necessary for the growth, development, and functioning of living organisms and is shaped like a double helix.

  2. DNA base pairs include adenine (A) paired with thymine (T) and cytosine (C) paired with guanine (G), while RNA has uracil (U) which pairs with adenine (A).

  3. A chromosome is a long, coiled structure of DNA and protein that contains genes, localized in the cell nucleus.

  4. Gametes, or sex cells, undergo meiosis, producing four genetically diverse haploid cells.

  5. Crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes and occurs during prophase I of meiosis.

  6. The Law of Independent Assortment states that alleles for different traits are distributed to gametes independently of one another.

  7. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, there are 20 standard amino acids, and a codon is a sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that specifies an amino acid.

  8. Environmental factors are external influences that can affect genetic expression, and they interact with genes to shape an organism’s traits.

  9. Summary of mutation types:

    • Substitution: A single nucleotide is replaced by another.
    • Insertion: One or more nucleotides are added into the DNA sequence.
    • Frameshift: The addition or deletion of nucleotides alters the reading frame.
    • Deletion: One or more nucleotides are removed from the DNA sequence.
    • Viable error: A mutation that does not adversely affect the organism and can be beneficial or neutral.

  10. Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes that have the same structure and gene sequence, one inherited from each parent.

  11. Somatic cells are any body cells that are not gametes, and a mutation in a somatic cell can lead to diseases or disorders, but it will not be passed to offspring.

  12. Color blindness affects males more than females because the genes for red and green color vision are located on the X chromosome, and males have only one X chromosome.

  13. Not all mutations are harmful; some can be neutral or even beneficial, leading to adaptation and evolution.

  14. Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an organism, while phenotype is the observable physical or biochemical characteristics resulting from the genotype.

  15. Codominance occurs when both alleles in a heterozygote are fully expressed, while incomplete dominance results in a blend of the two traits.

  16. The dominant allele is typically determined by observing the trait's expression in the phenotype; if it appears in the phenotype even when paired with a recessive allele, it is dominant.

  17. In the provided Punnett Square, the probability of genotype TT is 50%, the probability of genotype Tt is 50%, the probability of genotype tt is 0%, the probability of exhibiting brown eyes (T) is 100%, and the probability of exhibiting blue eyes (tt) is 0%.