ANALYZE THE SOURCE ESSENTIAL QUESTION How do belief systems influence society and government? CHAPTER 3 • LESSON 2 DIRECTIONS: Look at the following map and answer the accompanying questions. EXPLORE THE CONTEXT: Islamic civilization spread through Europe and the Middle East during the Ottoman Empire. The map below, made in 1898, shows the spread of Islamic civilization. Use this map, along with other maps in your Student Edition, to help you answer the questions. Geography and the Ottoman Empire 1IDENTIFYING CAUSES Why did various rulers seeks to conquer neighboring regions? 82 It’s All Online! C o p y r ig h t ©M c G r a w -H illE d u c a tion ; P H O T O : A n tiqu a P r in t G a ller y / A la m yS to c kP h o to

2USING MAPS How did the location of the empire assist in its expansion? 3Why did Cairo and Baghdad likely grow into large cities?

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1. IDENTIFYING CAUSES: Rulers wanted to conquer neighboring regions mainly for power and resources. By taking over other areas, they could gain more land, people, and wealth. This could help them become stronger than their rivals and ensure their own safety and control.

2. USING MAPS: The location of the Ottoman Empire made it easier for them to expand because it was at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. This central position allowed them to trade easily and move their armies quickly to different places. Plus, having access to important trade routes meant they could get rich and powerful, which helped them conquer more territory.

3. Why did Cairo and Baghdad likely grow into large cities? Cairo and Baghdad probably grew into large cities because they were important cultural and trade centers. They had lots of people traveling through for trade, which brought in different ideas, goods, and resources. Being near rivers also helped with farming and made it easier for people to live there. So, more people settled there, leading to larger cities over time!