An analysis of the long-term impacts of the Columbian Exchange on Indigenous North American populations would show that Indigenous cultures faced the threat of extinction.
The Columbian Exchange led to significant disruptions for Indigenous communities, including exposure to new diseases for which they had no immunity, displacement due to European colonization, and the loss of traditional ways of life. While there were some instances of trade and adaptation, the overarching impact was devastating, leading to dramatic declines in populations and cultural practices.