An analysis of the long-term impacts of the Columbian Exchange on Indigenous North American populations would show that

Question

Old World goods became widely accessible to Indigenous populations
Indigenous cultures faced the threat of extinction
Productive and thriving trade agreements were formed
Indigenous groups resisted European invasion of their homelands

Answer 1

An analysis of the long-term impacts of the Columbian Exchange on Indigenous North American populations would show that:

Indigenous cultures faced the threat of extinction.

The Columbian Exchange had profound effects on Indigenous populations, including the introduction of diseases to which they had no immunity, leading to significant population declines. Additionally, European colonization often resulted in the disruption of Indigenous ways of life, loss of land, and cultural assimilation, which collectively posed significant threats to the survival and continuity of Indigenous cultures. While some goods from the Old World became incorporated into Indigenous life, and there were instances of resistance and trade, the overarching impact was one of disruption and decline for many Indigenous societies.