An alternating quantity is represented by a sinusoidal
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waveform, such as a sine wave or a cosine wave. The waveform oscillates between positive and negative values, with a period determined by the frequency of the waveform. The amplitude of the waveform represents the maximum value of the alternating quantity, while the phase angle represents the relative position of the waveform within its cycle. Alternating quantities are commonly used to represent voltage and current in electrical systems, as well as other periodic phenomena in physics and engineering.
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