After independence, Malaysia and Singapore had authoritarian governments in which .

Answer 1

the ruling parties had a firm grip on power and exercised control over various aspects of governance. In Malaysia, the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) dominated politics and implemented policies that favored the Malay majority. This included the implementation of the New Economic Policy (NEP), which aimed to reduce economic disparities among different ethnic groups but also resulted in preferential treatment for Malays in aspects such as education and business opportunities.

Similarly, Singapore was under the rule of the People's Action Party (PAP), led by Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew. The PAP implemented policies that focused on rapid economic development, social stability, and efficient governance. This involved strict control over political dissent, restrictions on freedom of speech and press, and the use of authoritarian measures to maintain political control.

Both governments emphasized stability, economic development, and social cohesion, often at the expense of political freedoms and civil liberties. However, over time, both Malaysia and Singapore have experienced varying degrees of political liberalization and democratization, with the emergence of more competitive political landscapes and greater respect for individual rights.