Let the total number of penguins at the zoo be represented by \( x \). According to the information provided, the 15 emperor penguins make up 30% of the total penguin population. Therefore, we can set up the equation:
\[ 0.30x = 15 \]
To find \( x \), divide both sides by 0.30:
\[ x = \frac{15}{0.30} = 50 \]
Thus, the total number of penguins at the zoo is \( \boxed{50} \).