In writing an essay identifying the causes of independence movements in Latin America and the Caribbean, the student would include Enlightenment ideas as one of the key factors. The Enlightenment introduced concepts of liberty, equality, and self-governance, which inspired many leaders and intellectuals in the region to seek independence from colonial rule.
The other options are less significant in this context. While decentralized government may have played a role in some instances, it is not as universally applicable. The absence of slavery and religious persecution are not primary causes of the independence movements in the region.
Therefore, the most relevant cause to include from the choices provided would be Enlightenment ideas.