Let's address each question one by one:
44. A student places a 15 gram sample of sodium chloride in 225 milliliters of distilled water. Which of the following will NOT affect the rate of dissolving?
- A increasing the pH of the solution (This option will not significantly affect the rate at which sodium chloride dissolves, whereas the others would.)
45. You are given a choice to sweeten a glass of iced tea with a cube of sugar or a packet of sugar crystals. If your goal is to sweeten the tea as quickly as possible you would choose —
- B the packet of crystals because crystals dissolve faster than a single cube (The packet of sugar crystals has a larger surface area, which allows it to dissolve more quickly compared to a single sugar cube.)
46. A laboratory procedure is designed to compare reaction rates of different materials in four test tubes. The students must quickly transfer exactly 20 mL of solution to all of the test tubes. Which of the following pieces of equipment is the best choice for measuring the solution and adding it to the test tube?
- C 25 ml graduated pipette (A pipette provides more precision and ease in transferring a specific volume of liquid than a beaker or other options.)
47. When considering valence electrons, which group will gain electrons when ionic bonding?
- C halogens (Halogens have seven valence electrons and tend to gain one more electron to achieve a full valence shell, thereby forming anions.)
If you have more questions or need further clarification, feel free to ask!