To determine which planet would have a diameter of approximately 12 cm in the student's scale model, we need to convert the diameter from the model's scale back to actual kilometers.
Since 1 cm in the model represents 10,000 km, a diameter of 12 cm in the model would represent:
\( 12 \text{ cm} \times 10,000 \text{ km/cm} = 120,000 \text{ km} \)
Now, let's compare this with the actual diameters of the planets:
- Earth: Approximately 12,742 km
- Jupiter: Approximately 139,820 km
- Saturn: Approximately 116,460 km
- Mars: Approximately 6,779 km
The diameter of 120,000 km is closest to Saturn’s actual diameter of approximately 116,460 km.
Therefore, the answer is:
Saturn