A. Population control policies can be successful or controversial depending on a country's economic structure, cultural values, and political context. Countries with strong governmental authority may enforce policies more effectively, while those with deep-rooted religious beliefs may resist measures perceived as infringing on personal freedoms. Additionally, regions with high population density may adopt stringent measures to manage resources effectively, leading to debates about human rights.
B. China's One-Child Policy, implemented in 1979, was initially successful in curbing population growth, but it faced controversy over human rights violations, including forced sterilizations and abortions. Its long-term consequences, such as a gender imbalance and an aging population, have prompted the government to shift to a two-child policy in 2016. In contrast, India has implemented various family planning programs since the 1950s, focusing on education and voluntary sterilization; while these programs have led to a decline in growth rates, they have also faced criticism for coercive practices in some regions, highlighting the tension between population control and personal liberty.