by Jennifer Marino Walters
1 In February, scientists exploring the Pacific Ocean near Hawaii made an amazing discovery. They had sent a remotely operated vehicle thousands of feet below the waves to take video of the deep sea. Dozens of team members were watching the live video feed from a ship on the ocean’s surface and from offices on land. Suddenly, a mysterious creature appeared on their screens. It was a white, ghostlike octopod. That’s a category of eight-armed ocean animals that includes the common octopus. But it did not look like any octopod the scientists had seen before.
2 “I was really excited because I recognized it was something unusual,” says zoologist Michael Vecchione.
3 Vecchione and the other scientists work for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The government agency was working on a project to map the ocean floor near Hawaii and study the ocean life there. The new octopod was an exciting—and unexpected—find.
A Unique Species
4 The newly discovered octopod has tiny eyes and a jelly-like body. It has very few muscles. That’s because there is little food in the deep sea, and a lot of food is needed to build muscle. The creature also has some unusual characteristics that set it apart from other octopods. “The first thing that makes it really unusual is that it doesn’t have any chromatophores, or pigment cells,” Vecchione told Scholastic Online. Pigment is what gives animals color. Because this creature has no pigment, it is very pale. It also has fewer rows of suckers on its arms than other octopods do. Suckers are body parts that octopods use to grasp objects. Those two characteristics lead scientists to believe that it is a completely new octopod species.
5 The creature is also a record setter. It was spotted at about 14,000 feet—or 2.6 miles—beneath the waves. Some other types of octopods are known to live that deep in the ocean, but they all have fins on the sides of their bodies. The new creature belongs to a category of octopods that do not have fins. Until this discovery, no finless octopod had been found below about 13,000 feet.
More to Discover
6 Because of the octopod’s ghostlike appearance, it has been given the nickname Casper. (Casper the Friendly Ghost was a popular character in an old cartoon.) But it cannot be officially named until scientists get a specimen to examine more closely. Unfortunately, that’s not likely to happen anytime soon.
7 “The likelihood of encountering another one of these octopods is very small,” Vecchione says. “So it wouldn’t be a very productive use of our time and resources to try to look for one.”
8 Still, the octopod’s discovery is exciting because it suggests that many more undiscovered species could live in the deep sea and other places on Earth. “It illustrates how little we know about life on our planet—and how much more we can find,” Vecchione says.
Tiptoeing Scientists
1 Peering through the thick, white mist, Marcio Pie crouches among the gnarled vines. The shuffles, calls, and chirps of countless animals, birds, and insects fill the cool evening air. Pie is listening hard for the singing of tiny frogs. He and his team have tiptoed to the location where they last heard them singing. The scientists quietly begin picking up handfuls of leaves and screening them. If the scientists are lucky, they will find one of the frogs. But they must look very carefully because these frogs are smaller than a fingernail.
2 Pie is one of a handful of scientists who has discovered a new tiny frog species. These little creatures make their home in the cloud forests high in the mountains of Brazil. They are brightly colored with poisonous skin that protects them, and they live in “leaf litter,” or piles of dead leaves.
3 Locating the frogs is extremely difficult. “Sometimes it’s very frustrating,” says Pie. “You can hear them singing, and there’s probably hundreds of them, but you simply can’t catch them!” The frogs detect the vibrations that occur when people walk. Suddenly they become silent, staying that way for about half an hour, forcing scientists to forage through the leaves.
4 In Papua, New Guinea, scientist C. I. Moore also recently discovered a miniature frog. At only about 6.858 millimeters, it may be even smaller than the ones Pie found. This frog’s brownish-green hue provides excellent camouflage. Moore first discovered the frog by its unique call. His team began picking up leaf litter and putting it in plastic bags until they caught sight of the new frogs. The tiny amphibians were incredibly difficult to catch because they jump like crickets.
5 In spite of the countless challenges, new tiny frogs are being found among the planet’s habitats that have previously been understudied. “That’s what’s exciting about this field,” declares Moore. “You know that new species such as these are going to continue to be discovered.”
16.
How do the frogs in the selection “Tiptoeing Scientists” differ from the octopod in the selection “A Ghostly New Creature”?
The frogs’ bodies have coloration that protects the frogs.
The octopod’s body does not have coloration for protection.
The frogs are found on islands in the Pacific Ocean near Hawaii.
The octopod was sighted off the coast of Brazil in South America.
The frogs’ size is typical for its species.
The octopod’s size is smaller than normal.
1 answer
The correct option is:
The frogs’ bodies have coloration that protects the frogs.
The octopod’s body does not have coloration for protection.
This highlights the main difference in how the two creatures use coloration: the frogs have bright colors as a warning (due to their poisonous skin), while the octopod is pale and ghostlike due to the absence of pigment cells, suggesting it does not have coloration for protection.
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