a) Acute inflammation:

Question

b) Extrinsic allergic alveolitis:

c) Respiratory sensitization (asthma, byssinosis)

explain causes of the above mentioned harmful effects

Answer 1

Here is an overview of the causes of acute inflammation, extrinsic allergic alveolitis, and respiratory sensitization, including asthma and byssinosis:

a) Acute Inflammation:

Causes:

1. Infections: Bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic infections can trigger acute inflammation as the immune system responds to the pathogens.
2. Physical Injury: Tissue damage from cuts, burns, fractures, or trauma leads to a localized inflammatory response to promote healing.
3. Chemical Irritants: Exposure to toxic substances like acids, alkalis, or environmental pollutants can cause irritation and inflammation in affected tissues.
4. Allergic Reactions: Allergens such as pollen, dust mites, or food proteins can provoke an acute inflammatory response in sensitive individuals.
5. Autoimmune Responses: Conditions where the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues, leading to acute inflammation.

b) Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis (Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis):

Causes:

1. Environmental Allergens: Inhalation of organic dust (e.g., mold spores, bird droppings, or certain proteins from plants and animals) can trigger an immune response leading to inflammation in the alveoli of the lungs.
2. Occupational Exposure: Certain occupations, such as farming, bird handling, or working with hay or moldy materials, can increase the risk of developing extrinsic allergic alveolitis.
3. Chronic Exposure: Repeated exposure to allergens over time can sensitize the immune system, leading to a stronger inflammatory response upon subsequent exposure.
4. Genetic Susceptibility: Some individuals may have a genetic predisposition that makes them more susceptible to developing this condition when exposed to allergens.

c) Respiratory Sensitization (Asthma, Byssinosis):

Asthma: Causes:

1. Allergens: Pollen, dust mites, mold, and pet dander can trigger asthma attacks in sensitized individuals.
2. Air Pollution: Exposure to environmental pollutants and irritants, such as cigarette smoke and industrial fumes, can exacerbate asthma symptoms.
3. Respiratory Infections: Viral infections (e.g., respiratory syncytial virus) during childhood can increase the risk of asthma development.
4. Genetic Factors: A family history of asthma or allergic conditions can increase an individual’s susceptibility.

Byssinosis: Causes:

1. Cotton Dust Exposure: Byssinosis, also known as "brown lung disease," is primarily caused by inhalation of cotton dust in textile mills.
2. Organic Dust: Similar to extrinsic allergic alveolitis, exposure to other organic dusts (e.g., hemp or flax) can also lead to byssinosis.
3. Recurrent Exposure: Prolonged and repeated exposure to irritants from occupational environments heightens the risk, causing airway inflammation and narrowing.
4. Pre-existing Conditions: Individuals with pre-existing respiratory issues may be more prone to developing byssinosis upon exposure.

Summary

The causes of these harmful effects largely involve immune responses to pathogens, allergens, irritants, or environmental exposures. Understanding these causes can inform prevention strategies and treatment approaches in individuals at risk.