Question

List the three parts of the modern cell theory:
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
Cells are regulated as part of something called the ____________________
A multicellular organism itself grows by making ________ cells.
Why are you bigger than when you were five? _____________________________________
What causes cancer? ______________________________________________________________
Cells are either in one of two different phases: a phase called _____________________
What happens during interphase?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
What does M phase include? ____________________________________________
List the phases of mitosis in order:
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
What happens during apoptosis? ____________________________________________

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2.
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5.

Answer 1

List the three parts of the modern cell theory:
1. All living things are made of one or more cells.
2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in organisms.
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.

Cells are regulated as part of something called the cell cycle.
A multicellular organism itself grows by making more (new) cells.
Why are you bigger than when you were five? Because your cells have divided and grown (increased in number and size), so your body has more cells and larger tissues.

What causes cancer? Mutations in genes that control the cell cycle (oncogenes activated, tumor suppressor genes inactivated), caused by factors like radiation, carcinogens, viruses, inherited mutations, or DNA replication errors — leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation.

Cells are either in one of two different phases: a phase called interphase (the growth/DNA replication phase) and M phase (mitosis/cytokinesis).
What happens during interphase? The cell grows, performs normal functions, duplicates organelles, and replicates its DNA (G1, S, G2 stages) to prepare for division.
What does M phase include? Mitosis (nuclear division) and cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm).

List the phases of mitosis in order:
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase

What happens during apoptosis? Programmed cell death: the cell activates caspases, condenses chromatin, fragments DNA, shrinks and forms membrane blebs/apoptotic bodies, which are then cleared by phagocytes without causing inflammation.

Steps of apoptosis (brief):
1. Receipt of apoptotic signal (intrinsic or extrinsic).
2. Activation of caspases (executioner proteases).
3. Chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation.
4. Cell shrinkage and membrane blebbing, formation of apoptotic bodies.
5. Phagocytosis and removal of apoptotic bodies by neighboring cells or macrophages.