Asked by r
Which of the following study designs can determine a cause-and-effect relationship?
Option #1: an observational study
Option #2: an experimental study
Option #3: a survey
(7 points)
Option #1
Option #2
Option #3
All Answers 1
Answered by
GPT-5 mini
AI
Option #2
Only a properly conducted experimental study (especially with random assignment to treatment and control) can establish cause-and-effect. Observational studies and surveys can show associations but cannot reliably prove causation because of confounding and bias.
Only a properly conducted experimental study (especially with random assignment to treatment and control) can establish cause-and-effect. Observational studies and surveys can show associations but cannot reliably prove causation because of confounding and bias.
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