Question

how did these economic system and ideologies capitalism socialism and communism contribute to change in the period from 1750-1900 be specific in the changes brought by these ideologies

Answer 1

Below I summarize the concrete changes each ideology/economic system helped produce between c.1750 and 1900, with specific examples and dates where relevant.

Capitalism
- Industrialization and production methods
- Capitalist investment in machines and factories drove the Industrial Revolution: mechanized textiles (spinning jenny, power loom), steam power (Watt’s improvements in the late 18th century), factory system from late 1700s onward. This transformed production from household/guilds to factory-based mass production.
- Property and labor relations
- Expansion of wage labor and decline of artisanal/guild systems; enclosures and commercialization of agriculture created a landless labor force that fed factories.
- Markets, finance, and infrastructure
- Growth of joint-stock companies, banks, railways and steamships expanded national and global markets (railway booms mid-19th century). Capital flowed to large infrastructure and colonial ventures.
- Urbanization and demographic change
- Rapid urban growth (London, Manchester, Liverpool, European cities) as people moved to work in factories; new social problems (overcrowding, sanitation, slums).
- Political/economic liberalism and policy
- Ideology of free markets and limited state interference influenced policy (laissez-faire attitudes especially early 19th century) and the Reform Acts in Britain that gradually expanded political participation (1832, 1867, 1884).
- Global expansion/imperialism
- Capitalist demand for raw materials, markets and investment helped drive 19th-century imperialism: e.g., expanding British control in India (company→crown after 1857), Opium Wars and unequal treaties with China (1839–42; 1856–60), and the scramble for Africa in the late 19th century.

Socialism
- Critique of capitalist conditions and early experiments
- Utopian socialists (Robert Owen at New Lanark, early 1800s; Fourier, Saint-Simon) criticized factory exploitation and proposed cooperative communities and worker welfare; Owen’s reforms showed improved work/living conditions as an alternative model.
- Labor organization and legal gains
- Growth of trade unions and working-class political movements—Chartism in Britain (1838–48) demanded political rights; trade unions became more organized and were gradually legalized (e.g., Trade Union Act 1871 in Britain).
- Political parties and social legislation
- Socialist ideas fed the creation and growth of socialist parties (e.g., German Social Democratic movement—Gotha Program 1875 roots; Second International founded 1889). Pressure from socialist movements pushed governments toward welfare measures—Bismarck’s social insurance laws in Germany (health 1883, accident 1884, old-age pensions 1889) are an explicit example of state responses to socialist pressure.
- Social reform and workplace regulation
- Socialist influence helped generate campaigns and laws to limit child labor and improve factory conditions: Factory Act (Britain) 1833, Mines Act 1842, Ten Hours Act 1847 limited work hours for women and children.
- Cultural/political change
- Socialism popularized ideas of collective action, class solidarity, and rights to social protection, changing the political vocabulary and pressuring elites to adopt reforms.

Communism (Marxism and revolutionary communism)
- Theoretical development and political influence
- Marx and Engels published The Communist Manifesto in 1848; Marx’s critique of capitalism (historical materialism, class struggle) provided a systematic revolutionary doctrine that reshaped socialist movements.
- Revolutionary attempts and models
- Paris Commune (1871) was a brief example of working-class government that Marxists later hailed as a prototype of proletarian rule; it radicalized leftist movements and showed possibilities and limits of insurrection.
- Organization and internationalism
- Marxist groups organized within the First International (founded 1864) and later socialist internationals, spreading ideas that linked labor struggles across borders.
- Long-term political consequences (toward 1900)
- While full-scale communist revolutions came after 1900, Marxist/communist critiques profoundly influenced late-19th-century labor parties, trade unions, strikes, and political platforms. They also hardened class identity and demands for systemic change rather than piecemeal reform.

How these ideologies interacted to produce change (synthesis)
- Capitalism was the engine of economic and technological transformation—industrial production, urbanization, global trade and colonial expansion—creating new productive capacity and new social problems (city slums, insecure wage labor, child labor).
- Socialism and communist thought emerged in direct response to the social dislocations capitalism created. They organized workers, proposed alternatives (cooperatives, social insurance, political parties), and pressured states for labor protections and welfare policies.
- By the end of the 19th century the result was a rearranged political economy: stronger capitalist markets and global empires, but also powerful labor movements, nascent welfare states, expanded political participation, and a political vocabulary (class, proletariat, bourgeoisie, socialism, communism) that shaped 20th‑century politics.

If you want, I can provide a short timeline of key events (dates and brief descriptions) linking capitalism, socialism and communism across 1750–1900.