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Bhala ngezihlokwana ezihlabahlosile eziveza ngokusobala ukuthi isayensi yolimi iwukhiye ekuthuthukeni kolimi. Faka nongoti ukufakazela impendulo yakho.
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Isayensi yolimi ayisona nje isifundo sokuhlaziya amagama namisho — iyisisekelo sokuthuthukisa ulimi. U-Ferdinand de Saussure usinikeze izisekelo zendlela yokubuka ulimi njengohlelo oluhlelekile (langue) nolusetshenziswa nsuku zonke (parole), okusenza sikwazi ukuhlela, ukufanisa nokumisa imithetho yolimi ezingxenyeni ezifana ne-orthography, imiyalelo yokufundisa kanye nezinhlelo zokugcina ulwazi. Ngaphandle kwalokhu kuchazwa kwesayensi, imisebenzi yokwakha ulimi ingaba yindida engenamgomo.
Ukuqonda indlela abantu abafunda ngayo ulimi kubalulekile ekwakheni izinhlelo zemfundo nezinsiza zokufunda ezisebenzayo. U-Noam Chomsky noSteven Pinker bagxile esimisweni sokuthi kukhona izakhiwo ezisiza ingqondo ukufunda ulimi (imibono ye-Universal Grammar/“language instinct”), okusiza abaklasi nabachwepheshe benze izinhlelo zemfundo ezilungele izingane nezindala. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ucwaningo lwesayensi yolimi luyisisekelo sokwakha izincwadi zokufunda, izifundo zolimi lwesizalwane kanye nezindlela zokuhlola ukufunda.
Izinguquko zolimi zingaholwa ngokuqonda izimo zomphakathi—lapho i-sociolinguistics idlala khona indima enkulu. U-William Labov ukhombise ukuthi ulimi luhlukahluka ngokwezenhlalo futhi le mikhuba idinga ukuqondwa ukuze kufakwe izinqubomgomo ezifanele zemfundo nezokuxhumana. U-Joshua Fishman kanye no-Einar Haugen baye bachaza indlela yokuhlela ulimi (status planning, corpus planning, acquisition planning) ukuze kugcinwe, kusungulwe futhi kuthuthukiswe ulimi; la mathuluzi ayigugu uma kuziwa ekwenzeni ulwazi lwezinhlelo zikahulumeni, ezemfundo nezamasiko zisebenza ngolimi lwasekhaya.
Imisebenzi ecacile ye-applied linguistics—ukubhala izichazamazwi, ukumisa imithetho ye-orthography, ukwakha izinsiza zolimi kanye nokusebenzisa i-corpus linguistics neNLP—igcina ulimi lusebenziseka esikhathini sedijithali nasemfundweni. Ezweni lethu, omagugu abafana no-C. M. Doke basebenzise ucwaningo lwezabantu nokuqopha ulimi lwesiZulu ukwakha ingqikithi yolimi nekusiza ukumiswa kwe-orthography, okwenze kwaba lula ukufundisa, ukuhlela izincwadi kanye nokulondoloza izinkondlo nezindaba zesintu. Namuhla, ucwaningo olufana nalolu luyadingeka ukuze siqinisekise ukuthi izilimi zethu azishiyiwe ezinhlelweni zobuchwepheshe.
Ngakho-ke, ukuphehla, ukulondoloza nokuthuthukisa ulimi kudinga isayensi yolimi enezingcweti, ucwaningo oluhleleke kanye nokusekelwa kwezinqubomgomo. Izikhungo ezifana ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukufundisa ngolimi lwesizalwane njengendlela eqinile yokuthuthukisa imfundo—ukungena kwalokho kusekelwa ngokucwaninga kolimi. Uma sifuna ulimi oluqinile noluvulekile emsebenzini, emfundweni nasemasikweni, kufanele sitshale emphakathini nasemasikweni ocwaningo lwesayensi yolimi nabasebenza kulo.
Ukuqonda indlela abantu abafunda ngayo ulimi kubalulekile ekwakheni izinhlelo zemfundo nezinsiza zokufunda ezisebenzayo. U-Noam Chomsky noSteven Pinker bagxile esimisweni sokuthi kukhona izakhiwo ezisiza ingqondo ukufunda ulimi (imibono ye-Universal Grammar/“language instinct”), okusiza abaklasi nabachwepheshe benze izinhlelo zemfundo ezilungele izingane nezindala. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ucwaningo lwesayensi yolimi luyisisekelo sokwakha izincwadi zokufunda, izifundo zolimi lwesizalwane kanye nezindlela zokuhlola ukufunda.
Izinguquko zolimi zingaholwa ngokuqonda izimo zomphakathi—lapho i-sociolinguistics idlala khona indima enkulu. U-William Labov ukhombise ukuthi ulimi luhlukahluka ngokwezenhlalo futhi le mikhuba idinga ukuqondwa ukuze kufakwe izinqubomgomo ezifanele zemfundo nezokuxhumana. U-Joshua Fishman kanye no-Einar Haugen baye bachaza indlela yokuhlela ulimi (status planning, corpus planning, acquisition planning) ukuze kugcinwe, kusungulwe futhi kuthuthukiswe ulimi; la mathuluzi ayigugu uma kuziwa ekwenzeni ulwazi lwezinhlelo zikahulumeni, ezemfundo nezamasiko zisebenza ngolimi lwasekhaya.
Imisebenzi ecacile ye-applied linguistics—ukubhala izichazamazwi, ukumisa imithetho ye-orthography, ukwakha izinsiza zolimi kanye nokusebenzisa i-corpus linguistics neNLP—igcina ulimi lusebenziseka esikhathini sedijithali nasemfundweni. Ezweni lethu, omagugu abafana no-C. M. Doke basebenzise ucwaningo lwezabantu nokuqopha ulimi lwesiZulu ukwakha ingqikithi yolimi nekusiza ukumiswa kwe-orthography, okwenze kwaba lula ukufundisa, ukuhlela izincwadi kanye nokulondoloza izinkondlo nezindaba zesintu. Namuhla, ucwaningo olufana nalolu luyadingeka ukuze siqinisekise ukuthi izilimi zethu azishiyiwe ezinhlelweni zobuchwepheshe.
Ngakho-ke, ukuphehla, ukulondoloza nokuthuthukisa ulimi kudinga isayensi yolimi enezingcweti, ucwaningo oluhleleke kanye nokusekelwa kwezinqubomgomo. Izikhungo ezifana ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukufundisa ngolimi lwesizalwane njengendlela eqinile yokuthuthukisa imfundo—ukungena kwalokho kusekelwa ngokucwaninga kolimi. Uma sifuna ulimi oluqinile noluvulekile emsebenzini, emfundweni nasemasikweni, kufanele sitshale emphakathini nasemasikweni ocwaningo lwesayensi yolimi nabasebenza kulo.
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