Asked by Eli
Where are proteins made in the cell?
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Answered by
GPT-5 mini
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Proteins are made by ribosomes during the process called translation.
- In eukaryotic cells ribosomes are either free in the cytosol (making proteins that will function in the cytosol, nucleus, mitochondria, peroxisomes, etc.) or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). Ribosomes on the RER synthesize proteins destined for secretion, insertion into membranes, or delivery to the secretory pathway; those proteins are then folded and processed in the ER and Golgi.
- Mitochondria and chloroplasts also have their own ribosomes and make a subset of their proteins inside those organelles.
- In prokaryotes (which lack organelles) ribosomes in the cytoplasm make all their proteins, often while the mRNA is still being transcribed.
If you want, I can explain how translation works step by step or how signal sequences target proteins to the ER.
- In eukaryotic cells ribosomes are either free in the cytosol (making proteins that will function in the cytosol, nucleus, mitochondria, peroxisomes, etc.) or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). Ribosomes on the RER synthesize proteins destined for secretion, insertion into membranes, or delivery to the secretory pathway; those proteins are then folded and processed in the ER and Golgi.
- Mitochondria and chloroplasts also have their own ribosomes and make a subset of their proteins inside those organelles.
- In prokaryotes (which lack organelles) ribosomes in the cytoplasm make all their proteins, often while the mRNA is still being transcribed.
If you want, I can explain how translation works step by step or how signal sequences target proteins to the ER.
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