Question

What is the best description of what a medical professional is doing when they demonstrate non-maleficence?
helping patients and their families write advance directives
refraining from actions that might harm a patient
taking action that will benefit the patient and the patient’s care
giving patients the right to make their own medical decisions

Answer 1

Refraining from actions that might harm a patient.

Non-maleficence is the ethical principle of "do no harm," i.e., avoiding actions that could cause injury or suffering.