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used a civil-service system is East India Company or British raj
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Both — but in different forms and stages.
- The East India Company (EIC) had its own civil service from the 18th century onward (the Company's "covenanted" and "uncovenanted" servants). Early recruitment was largely by nomination and patronage.
- Modern, formalized civil-service practice based on open competitive examinations began under Company rule with the Charter Act of 1853 (the move to merit-based exams was advocated by people like Lord Macaulay).
- After the Indian Rebellion of 1857 the Crown took over in 1858 and the British Raj continued and expanded the professional Indian Civil Service (ICS). Exams were held in Britain at first; Indians began to enter (Satyendranath Tagore was the first Indian ICS officer, passing in 1863).
So the EIC started civil administration, the competitive/merit system began in the 1850s under the Company and was carried on and institutionalized by the British Raj.
- The East India Company (EIC) had its own civil service from the 18th century onward (the Company's "covenanted" and "uncovenanted" servants). Early recruitment was largely by nomination and patronage.
- Modern, formalized civil-service practice based on open competitive examinations began under Company rule with the Charter Act of 1853 (the move to merit-based exams was advocated by people like Lord Macaulay).
- After the Indian Rebellion of 1857 the Crown took over in 1858 and the British Raj continued and expanded the professional Indian Civil Service (ICS). Exams were held in Britain at first; Indians began to enter (Satyendranath Tagore was the first Indian ICS officer, passing in 1863).
So the EIC started civil administration, the competitive/merit system began in the 1850s under the Company and was carried on and institutionalized by the British Raj.
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