Question

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Question 6
Explain how a mutation in DNA can affect an organism’s traits.
Include how DNA, mRNA, amino acids, and proteins are connected, and describe an example such as sickle cell anemia or camouflage.
give me a short simple answer

Answer 1

DNA is the genetic code. Cells transcribe DNA into mRNA, and ribosomes translate mRNA into a chain of amino acids that fold into a protein. Proteins do most of the work in a cell and determine traits (color, shape, enzymes, etc.). A mutation is a change in the DNA letters; it can change an mRNA codon and thus one or more amino acids, producing a protein that works differently and changing the organism’s trait (or sometimes doing nothing). Example: sickle cell disease is caused by a single DNA base change in the hemoglobin gene that swaps one amino acid (glutamic acid → valine), making red blood cells deform and causing disease.