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Unit 3 Study Guide
1. What disagreement led to the original split between Sunni and Shia Muslims?
2. Who did Shia Muslims believe should have succeeded Muhammad as leader?
3. What title was given to the rulers of the Islamic Empire after Muhammad’s death?
4. After the death of Genghis Khan, how was the Mongol Empire divided?
5. What law code served as the foundation for Justinian’s Code?
6. Who was Justinian’s wife, and why is she remembered as influential
7. What skills did the Mongols develop that made them such successful warriors?
8. What is the pilgrimage to Mecca called, and who is required to make it?
9. What is the holiest city in Islam?
10. What major church was built under Justinian that still stands today?
11. Under which ruler did the Byzantine Empire reach its greatest size?
12. What was the Pax Mongolica, and how did it affect trade?
13. What was the official religion of the Byzantine Empire?
14. What did Constantine do that helped create the Byzantine Empire?
15. Why did Marco Polo’s travels have such a big impact on Europe?
16. What usually happened to towns and cities that resisted Mongol conquest?
17. Why did Muhammad consider himself the messenger of God
18. What long-term conflict arose within Islam after Muhammad’s death?
19. What is the Hijrah, and why is it important to Islamic history?
20. Name two differences between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.
21. What event in 1054 permanently split Christianity into two branches?
22. Why did Justinian’s Code matter to the preservation of Roman culture?
23. What role did Hammurabi, Moses, and Justinian each play in the development of law?
24. What were the Five Pillars of Islam? (List all five.)
25. What made the Byzantine Empire important for preserving Roman and Greek learning?
26. How did the Mongols encourage trade across Asia and Europe?
27. Who united the Mongol tribes in 1206?
28. Why was Constantinople an important city for trade and defense?
29. What language was primarily spoken in the Byzantine Empire, and what language was used in the Western Roman Empire?
30. What are two examples of how Justinian tried to restore the greatness of Rome in Constantinople?
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1. A dispute over who should succeed Muhammad as political and religious leader — whether leadership should stay within his family or be chosen by the community.
2. Shia Muslims believed Ali (Muhammad’s cousin and son‑in‑law) and his descendants should have succeeded Muhammad.
3. Caliph (the rulers were called caliphs).
4. It was split into several khanates ruled by Genghis Khan’s descendants — chiefly the Yuan/Great Khanate (China), the Ilkhanate (Persia), the Chagatai Khanate (Central Asia), and the Golden Horde (Russia).
5. Earlier Roman law traditions (especially the Twelve Tables and the body of classical Roman legal writings) served as the foundation for Justinian’s Code.
6. Theodora — she was a powerful advisor to Justinian, influenced policy (including laws improving women’s rights), and played a key role during crises like the Nika Revolt.
7. Excellent horse‑riding and archery (composite bow), mobility and discipline, superior cavalry tactics, psychological warfare, efficient command/communication, and adoption of siege technologies.
8. The Hajj; every adult Muslim who is physically and financially able is required to make it at least once.
9. Mecca.
10. Hagia Sophia.
11. Emperor Justinian I.
12. The Pax Mongolica was a period of relative peace and stability across Mongol‑controlled Eurasia that made long‑distance trade safer and increased trade and cultural exchange along the Silk Road.
13. Christianity — specifically the Eastern Orthodox form (the state church of the Byzantine Empire).
14. He moved the Roman capital to Byzantium (renamed Constantinople) and legalized/promoted Christianity, creating the political and religious center that became the Byzantine Empire.
15. His accounts introduced Europeans to the riches, technologies, and geographic knowledge of Asia (especially China), inspiring greater interest in Asian trade and later voyages of exploration.
16. They were often brutally destroyed: inhabitants were massacred and cities razed as a warning to others who might resist.
17. Because he received revelations from Allah through the angel Gabriel and believed he was chosen to deliver God’s final message (the Qur’an).
18. The Sunni‑Shia split — an enduring political and religious division over rightful leadership and religious authority in Islam.
19. The Hijrah is Muhammad’s migration from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE; it marks the founding of the first Muslim community and begins the Islamic calendar.
20. Two differences: (a) Papal authority — Roman Catholicism recognizes the Pope as supreme; Eastern Orthodoxy uses a group of patriarchs with no single supreme pope. (b) Language and liturgy — West used Latin and different liturgical rites; East used Greek and different liturgical practices (also differences like the filioque clause and rules about clerical marriage).
21. The Great Schism of 1054 (mutual excommunications between the Pope and the Patriarch of Constantinople).
22. Justinian’s Code compiled, organized, and preserved centuries of Roman law, making Roman legal principles available to later Europe and helping keep Roman legal culture alive.
23. Hammurabi: issued one of the earliest written law codes (Babylon). Moses: in religious tradition gave the Ten Commandments and Mosaic law that shaped Hebrew/Judeo‑Christian law. Justinian: codified Roman law into the Corpus Juris Civilis, preserving and systematizing it.
24. The Five Pillars: Shahada (declaration of faith), Salah (five daily prayers), Zakat (almsgiving), Sawm (fasting during Ramadan), Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca).
25. Byzantium kept Greek language, literature, philosophy, and classical texts alive through education, manuscript copying, preservation of Roman law and administrative practices, and scholarly activity in monasteries and schools.
26. By enforcing security across trade routes (Pax Mongolica), protecting merchants, maintaining relay/post systems, lowering trade barriers, and encouraging safe, long‑distance travel of goods and ideas.
27. Temujin, who became Genghis Khan.
28. Constantinople sat on the Bosporus strait linking the Black Sea and Mediterranean, making it a crossroads of East–West trade; its natural harbors and massive defensive walls made it easy to defend and ideal for controlling trade and collecting tolls.
29. Byzantine Empire: primarily Greek. Western Roman Empire: Latin.
30. Examples: (a) He ordered grand building projects in Constantinople (most famously Hagia Sophia) and rebuilt public works and walls. (b) He mounted military campaigns to reconquer former western Roman territories and codified Roman law (Justinian’s Code) to restore Roman institutions.
2. Shia Muslims believed Ali (Muhammad’s cousin and son‑in‑law) and his descendants should have succeeded Muhammad.
3. Caliph (the rulers were called caliphs).
4. It was split into several khanates ruled by Genghis Khan’s descendants — chiefly the Yuan/Great Khanate (China), the Ilkhanate (Persia), the Chagatai Khanate (Central Asia), and the Golden Horde (Russia).
5. Earlier Roman law traditions (especially the Twelve Tables and the body of classical Roman legal writings) served as the foundation for Justinian’s Code.
6. Theodora — she was a powerful advisor to Justinian, influenced policy (including laws improving women’s rights), and played a key role during crises like the Nika Revolt.
7. Excellent horse‑riding and archery (composite bow), mobility and discipline, superior cavalry tactics, psychological warfare, efficient command/communication, and adoption of siege technologies.
8. The Hajj; every adult Muslim who is physically and financially able is required to make it at least once.
9. Mecca.
10. Hagia Sophia.
11. Emperor Justinian I.
12. The Pax Mongolica was a period of relative peace and stability across Mongol‑controlled Eurasia that made long‑distance trade safer and increased trade and cultural exchange along the Silk Road.
13. Christianity — specifically the Eastern Orthodox form (the state church of the Byzantine Empire).
14. He moved the Roman capital to Byzantium (renamed Constantinople) and legalized/promoted Christianity, creating the political and religious center that became the Byzantine Empire.
15. His accounts introduced Europeans to the riches, technologies, and geographic knowledge of Asia (especially China), inspiring greater interest in Asian trade and later voyages of exploration.
16. They were often brutally destroyed: inhabitants were massacred and cities razed as a warning to others who might resist.
17. Because he received revelations from Allah through the angel Gabriel and believed he was chosen to deliver God’s final message (the Qur’an).
18. The Sunni‑Shia split — an enduring political and religious division over rightful leadership and religious authority in Islam.
19. The Hijrah is Muhammad’s migration from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE; it marks the founding of the first Muslim community and begins the Islamic calendar.
20. Two differences: (a) Papal authority — Roman Catholicism recognizes the Pope as supreme; Eastern Orthodoxy uses a group of patriarchs with no single supreme pope. (b) Language and liturgy — West used Latin and different liturgical rites; East used Greek and different liturgical practices (also differences like the filioque clause and rules about clerical marriage).
21. The Great Schism of 1054 (mutual excommunications between the Pope and the Patriarch of Constantinople).
22. Justinian’s Code compiled, organized, and preserved centuries of Roman law, making Roman legal principles available to later Europe and helping keep Roman legal culture alive.
23. Hammurabi: issued one of the earliest written law codes (Babylon). Moses: in religious tradition gave the Ten Commandments and Mosaic law that shaped Hebrew/Judeo‑Christian law. Justinian: codified Roman law into the Corpus Juris Civilis, preserving and systematizing it.
24. The Five Pillars: Shahada (declaration of faith), Salah (five daily prayers), Zakat (almsgiving), Sawm (fasting during Ramadan), Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca).
25. Byzantium kept Greek language, literature, philosophy, and classical texts alive through education, manuscript copying, preservation of Roman law and administrative practices, and scholarly activity in monasteries and schools.
26. By enforcing security across trade routes (Pax Mongolica), protecting merchants, maintaining relay/post systems, lowering trade barriers, and encouraging safe, long‑distance travel of goods and ideas.
27. Temujin, who became Genghis Khan.
28. Constantinople sat on the Bosporus strait linking the Black Sea and Mediterranean, making it a crossroads of East–West trade; its natural harbors and massive defensive walls made it easy to defend and ideal for controlling trade and collecting tolls.
29. Byzantine Empire: primarily Greek. Western Roman Empire: Latin.
30. Examples: (a) He ordered grand building projects in Constantinople (most famously Hagia Sophia) and rebuilt public works and walls. (b) He mounted military campaigns to reconquer former western Roman territories and codified Roman law (Justinian’s Code) to restore Roman institutions.
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