Question

List and name the Constitutional Powers

List and name the Inherent Powers

Answer 1

Do you mean the powers of the U.S. President? (Many civics questions contrast the President’s “constitutional” — i.e., enumerated — powers with his “inherent” powers.) I’ll assume that and give two compact lists. If you meant a different office or country, tell me and I’ll revise.

Constitutional (enumerated) powers of the U.S. President
(brief name, one-line description, constitutional citation)

- Commander in Chief — supreme command of the Army and Navy (Art. II, §2).
- Grant reprieves and pardons — forgive federal crimes (Art. II, §2).
- Make treaties — negotiate treaties (subject to 2/3 Senate ratification) (Art. II, §2).
- Appointments — nominate ambassadors, federal judges, and principal officers (with Senate advice and consent) (Art. II, §2).
- Recess appointments — fill vacancies during Senate recess (Art. II, §2).
- Give State of the Union & recommend measures — report on the nation and propose legislative priorities (Art. II, §3).
- Convene and adjourn Congress — call special sessions and, in limited cases, adjournment (Art. II, §3; Art. I, §5/7 context).
- Receive ambassadors — recognition and reception of foreign diplomats (Art. II, §3).
- Veto legislation — sign or return bills to Congress, with possible override by Congress (Art. I, §7).
- Take care that the laws be faithfully executed — duty to enforce federal law (the “Take Care” clause, Art. II, §3).
- Require written opinions of principal officers — request advice from heads of executive departments (Art. II, §2).

Inherent powers of the President
(definition + common examples and limits — these are not explicitly listed in the Constitution but are exercised as necessary to fulfill presidential responsibilities)

Definition: powers the President asserts from the nature of the national executive office and national sovereignty — used especially in foreign affairs, national security, and emergencies. Inherent powers are limited by statute and by the Constitution as interpreted by the courts.

Commonly cited inherent powers (examples)
- Executive orders — direct management of the executive branch and implementation of policy.
- Executive agreements — international commitments made without Senate treaty ratification (used routinely for foreign relations).
- Emergency powers — broad, sometimes temporary authorities asserted in crises (economic, security, public health).
- Use of armed forces without a formal declaration of war — deploying troops for short conflicts or actions (checked by Congress’s war powers and statutes like the War Powers Resolution).
- Recognition and conduct of foreign relations — recognizing foreign governments and conducting diplomacy (Curtiss‑Wright cited as supporting inherent foreign-affairs power).
- Executive privilege — withholding certain communications from Congress or courts for confidentiality and separation-of-powers reasons.
- Control over immigration enforcement priorities and border/security decisions (practiced as executive discretion).
- Prosecutorial and enforcement discretion — deciding how vigorously to enforce statutes and which matters to prioritize.
- Signing statements and interpretations — statements accompanying bills that indicate how the President intends to interpret or implement them.

Limits and important precedent
- The Supreme Court and Congress can constrain asserted inherent powers (e.g., Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952) limited a seizure of private property by the President; U.S. v. Curtiss‑Wright (1936) recognized broad inherent power in foreign affairs).
- Statutes (Congress) can restrict or authorize actions; the War Powers Resolution and federal statutes are examples.
- Constitutional protections (e.g., suspension of habeas corpus is a congressional power in most circumstances) set fixed limits.

If you want a more detailed breakdown (case law, examples by issue: foreign policy vs. domestic, or a similar list for Congress or the Supreme Court), tell me which branch or level of detail you want.