Question

definition for the following

Division of labor
Barter
Industrial society
Postindustrial society
Mechanical solidarity
Organic solidarity
Gemeinshaft
Gesellschaft
Dyad
Triad
Formal group
Informal group
Primary group
Secondary group
Reference group
In-group
Out-group
Electronic community
Social network
Leaders

Answer 1

- Division of labor: The way tasks in a society or organization are divided among individuals or groups, leading to specialization and interdependence.

- Barter: Direct exchange of goods and services for other goods and services without using money.

- Industrial society: A society whose economy is dominated by mechanized mass production, factories, urbanization, and wage labor.

- Postindustrial society: A society in which the economy shifts from manufacturing to services, information, and knowledge-based activities; emphasis on technology, education, and professional occupations.

- Mechanical solidarity: (Émile Durkheim) Social cohesion based on similarity of individuals, shared beliefs, and strong collective conscience—typical of small, traditional societies.

- Organic solidarity: (Émile Durkheim) Social cohesion based on specialization and interdependence of differentiated roles—typical of large, modern societies.

- Gemeinschaft: (Ferdinand Tönnies) A community type characterized by close, personal, traditionally based relationships (family, village).

- Gesellschaft: (Ferdinand Tönnies) A society type characterized by impersonal, contract-based, goal-oriented relationships typical of modern urban life.

- Dyad: A two-person group; the smallest, most intimate, but also the least stable social group because both members are essential.

- Triad: A three-person group; more stable than a dyad because one member can mediate or form coalitions, changing group dynamics.

- Formal group: A group with explicit rules, roles, and objectives established by an organization (e.g., a work team, committee).

- Informal group: A group formed through personal relationships and shared interests, governed by unofficial norms (e.g., friend circles).

- Primary group: (Charles Horton Cooley) A small, close-knit, emotionally intense group providing identity and socialization (family, close friends).

- Secondary group: A larger, more impersonal, goal- or task-oriented group with weaker emotional ties (e.g., a class, corporation).

- Reference group: A group individuals use as a standard for evaluating their own beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors; one may compare oneself to a reference group without being a member.

- In-group: A group to which an individual feels loyalty, belonging, and positive regard.

- Out-group: A group to which an individual feels opposition, competition, or hostility and with which they do not identify.

- Electronic community: A group of people who interact, share information, and form social ties through digital media and online platforms.

- Social network: The pattern of connections (ties) among individuals or groups through which resources, information, and influence flow; includes strong and weak ties.

- Leaders: Individuals who influence, guide, or direct the behavior and activities of a group; can be formal or informal and perform functions such as setting goals, coordinating tasks, motivating members, and resolving conflicts.