Asked by dick
1. Use the data on the previous page to complete the table below. You will determine
(1) what reproductive strategy produced each F2 offspring and (2) the parentage
of each.
DETERMINING F2 GENERATION ZEBRA SHARK
PARENTAGE
ID Number Reproduction
Strategy
(Sexual or Asexual)
Mother ID
Number
Father ID Number
SF-0419
SF-0420
SF-0421
SF-0425
SF-0277
SF-0534
SF-0538
SF-0951
2. (a) What was the most common form of reproduction used to produce the F2
generation?
(b) Use the data from the table on the previous page to explain how you arrived
at your answer for part (a).
(c) How could this form of reproduction be an advantage over parthenogenesis?
All Answers 1
Answered by
GPT-5 mini
AI
I don’t have the “previous page” data you mention, so I can’t fill the specific ID rows yet. Paste the genotype/marker or parent-offspring data from that page and I will fill the table for you.
While you copy that in, here’s a clear method you can use (or I’ll use when you paste the data) to decide reproduction strategy and parentage, plus how to answer parts 2(a–c).
How to decide sexual vs asexual (parthenogenesis)
- Obtain genotype data (alleles at one or more loci) for: each F2 offspring, all possible mothers, and all possible fathers.
- For each offspring, compare its alleles at each locus to the proposed mother:
- If the offspring possesses one or two alleles at a locus that are not present in the mother, the offspring must have a genetic contribution from a father → sexual reproduction.
- If every allele in the offspring is present in the mother, and the offspring is homozygous for alleles that the mother is heterozygous for (or otherwise consistent with automictic/parthenogenetic mechanisms), the offspring could be produced by parthenogenesis.
- Note: automictic parthenogenesis (e.g., terminal fusion) often produces increased homozygosity compared to the mother. If the offspring are homozygous at loci where the mother is heterozygous and no novel alleles appear, that supports parthenogenesis.
How to assign parents
- Mother: choose the female whose genotype matches the offspring at all loci (offspring alleles must be a subset of the mother’s alleles for parthenogenetic candidates; for sexual offspring the mother must account for one of each allele pair where possible).
- Father (for sexually produced offspring): find a male whose alleles explain the non-maternal allele(s) in the offspring. If multiple males could explain them, parentage may be ambiguous unless you have enough loci to exclude other males.
- If the offspring has allele(s) not found in any candidate male, consider possibility of unsampled male or lab/sample error.
How to complete the table quickly
- For each F2 ID:
1. Check all loci. If you find any allele absent from all candidate mothers, label “Sexual” and find the male who contributed the non-maternal allele(s).
2. If all alleles are present in a single mother and the genotype is consistent with parthenogenesis (often increased homozygosity), label “Asexual (parthenogenesis)” and put that mother’s ID; father = “none.”
- Keep notes on loci used and any ambiguous assignments.
Answering question 2
(a) “What was the most common form of reproduction used to produce the F2 generation?”
- Count how many F2 offspring you labeled “Sexual” vs “Asexual.” The greater count is the most common form.
(b) “Use the data … to explain how you arrived at your answer for part (a).”
- Report the counts (e.g., “7 sexual, 2 asexual”), and give one or two concrete allele-based examples showing how you decided (e.g., “SF-0420 had allele X that was not present in proposed mother SF-0123 but matched male SF-0456 → sexual”).
(c) “How could this form of reproduction be an advantage over parthenogenesis?”
- If the answer is “sexual” (most common), you can explain advantages of sexual reproduction:
- Produces greater genetic variation among offspring via recombination and novel allele combinations.
- Increases ability of the population to adapt to changing environments, pathogens, and stressors.
- Reduces the buildup of deleterious mutations (more effective purging due to recombination and selection).
- Lowers risk of inbreeding depression compared to long-term parthenogenesis.
- If the answer is “parthenogenesis” (most common), the main advantages of parthenogenesis to an individual are:
- Reproductive assurance when mates are scarce (a female can produce offspring without a male).
- Faster population increase because every individual can reproduce alone.
Send the previous page’s genotype/parent data (or the table of alleles for each F2 and candidate parents) and I will fill the table and produce the exact answers for 2(a–c).
While you copy that in, here’s a clear method you can use (or I’ll use when you paste the data) to decide reproduction strategy and parentage, plus how to answer parts 2(a–c).
How to decide sexual vs asexual (parthenogenesis)
- Obtain genotype data (alleles at one or more loci) for: each F2 offspring, all possible mothers, and all possible fathers.
- For each offspring, compare its alleles at each locus to the proposed mother:
- If the offspring possesses one or two alleles at a locus that are not present in the mother, the offspring must have a genetic contribution from a father → sexual reproduction.
- If every allele in the offspring is present in the mother, and the offspring is homozygous for alleles that the mother is heterozygous for (or otherwise consistent with automictic/parthenogenetic mechanisms), the offspring could be produced by parthenogenesis.
- Note: automictic parthenogenesis (e.g., terminal fusion) often produces increased homozygosity compared to the mother. If the offspring are homozygous at loci where the mother is heterozygous and no novel alleles appear, that supports parthenogenesis.
How to assign parents
- Mother: choose the female whose genotype matches the offspring at all loci (offspring alleles must be a subset of the mother’s alleles for parthenogenetic candidates; for sexual offspring the mother must account for one of each allele pair where possible).
- Father (for sexually produced offspring): find a male whose alleles explain the non-maternal allele(s) in the offspring. If multiple males could explain them, parentage may be ambiguous unless you have enough loci to exclude other males.
- If the offspring has allele(s) not found in any candidate male, consider possibility of unsampled male or lab/sample error.
How to complete the table quickly
- For each F2 ID:
1. Check all loci. If you find any allele absent from all candidate mothers, label “Sexual” and find the male who contributed the non-maternal allele(s).
2. If all alleles are present in a single mother and the genotype is consistent with parthenogenesis (often increased homozygosity), label “Asexual (parthenogenesis)” and put that mother’s ID; father = “none.”
- Keep notes on loci used and any ambiguous assignments.
Answering question 2
(a) “What was the most common form of reproduction used to produce the F2 generation?”
- Count how many F2 offspring you labeled “Sexual” vs “Asexual.” The greater count is the most common form.
(b) “Use the data … to explain how you arrived at your answer for part (a).”
- Report the counts (e.g., “7 sexual, 2 asexual”), and give one or two concrete allele-based examples showing how you decided (e.g., “SF-0420 had allele X that was not present in proposed mother SF-0123 but matched male SF-0456 → sexual”).
(c) “How could this form of reproduction be an advantage over parthenogenesis?”
- If the answer is “sexual” (most common), you can explain advantages of sexual reproduction:
- Produces greater genetic variation among offspring via recombination and novel allele combinations.
- Increases ability of the population to adapt to changing environments, pathogens, and stressors.
- Reduces the buildup of deleterious mutations (more effective purging due to recombination and selection).
- Lowers risk of inbreeding depression compared to long-term parthenogenesis.
- If the answer is “parthenogenesis” (most common), the main advantages of parthenogenesis to an individual are:
- Reproductive assurance when mates are scarce (a female can produce offspring without a male).
- Faster population increase because every individual can reproduce alone.
Send the previous page’s genotype/parent data (or the table of alleles for each F2 and candidate parents) and I will fill the table and produce the exact answers for 2(a–c).
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