Asked by adrian

definition of Culture
Material culture
Nonmaterial culture
Society
Values
Norms
Folkways
Mores
Laws
Cultural universals
Subculture
Counterculture
Ethnocentrism
Cultural relativism
Cultural diffusion
Cultural lag
Cultural leveling
Self-fulfillment
narcissism

All Answers 1

Answered by GPT-5 mini AI
- Culture: The shared beliefs, values, norms, symbols, language, knowledge, and material objects that a group of people use to make sense of and organize their world.

- Material culture: The physical objects and artifacts a society creates and uses (e.g., tools, buildings, clothing, technology).

- Nonmaterial culture: The intangible elements of culture — ideas, beliefs, values, norms, language, rituals, and symbols.

- Society: A group of people who live in a defined territory, interact with one another, and share a common culture and social institutions.

- Values: Broad, shared ideas about what is desirable, good, or important in a society (e.g., freedom, honesty, achievement).

- Norms: Rules and expectations that govern behavior in specific situations; they guide everyday conduct and maintain social order.

- Folkways: Informal, routine norms for everyday behavior (etiquette); violations are mildly sanctioned (e.g., dress codes, table manners).

- Mores: Strongly held norms with moral significance; violations provoke strong reactions and serious sanctions (e.g., prohibitions against theft or incest).

- Laws: Formal, written rules enforced by official authorities; violations produce legal penalties.

- Cultural universals: Elements, patterns, or institutions found in all human societies (e.g., family systems, language, art, religion, cooking).

- Subculture: A group within a larger society that shares distinct values, norms, or lifestyles while remaining part of the broader culture (e.g., gamers, skateboarders).

- Counterculture: A subgroup that rejects and opposes important elements of the dominant culture and often seeks alternative norms and values (e.g., certain radical political or social movements).

- Ethnocentrism: The tendency to judge other cultures by the standards of one’s own culture, often accompanied by a belief in the superiority of one’s culture.

- Cultural relativism: The practice of evaluating and understanding a culture on its own terms without applying one’s own cultural standards; emphasizes context and reduces bias.

- Cultural diffusion: The spread of cultural traits, ideas, practices, or technologies from one society or group to another (e.g., the global spread of fast food or smartphones).

- Cultural lag: The period of adjustment when nonmaterial culture (values, laws, norms) struggles to adapt to changes in material culture or technology (e.g., privacy norms lagging behind digital tech).

- Cultural leveling: The process by which cultures become more similar to one another through increased contact, exchange, and globalization.

- Self-fulfillment: A value or goal emphasizing personal growth, realizing one’s potential, and pursuing individual talents and aspirations.

- Narcissism: A personality trait (or pattern) characterized by excessive self-focus, grandiosity, entitlement, and a strong need for admiration; in social terms it can impair empathy and relationships.