Question

12. In the absence of oxygen, muscle cells may convert pyruvic acid into this compound.
13. This stage of cellular respiration produces hydrogen atoms, ATP, and carbon dioxide.
29
37
10
32
ーーー

14. This type of respiration produces carbon


dioxide which causes bread dough to rise.
60
17
21
52
69

15. The addition or removal of this molecule determines whether energy is stored or released.
12
-62

16. In this stage of respiration, glucose is converted to pyruvic acid.
36

7. Acetate is joined with oxaloacetic acid t orm what 6-carbon compound
14
-67=

18. A large number of high-energy hydrogen electrons are delivered to the electron transport chain in this form.
56

19. The energy generated from this process is used to pump hydrogen protons across a membrane, generating a high concentration proton gradient.
42
40
16
47-
58

20. This folding and looping membrane increases the surface area for cellular respiration.
66
22

21. This is the cellular organelle where aerobic respiration takes place
48

22. During the Krebs cycle, this compound is given off as a waste product.
30

23. This type of respiration does not require oxygen.
68
65
46
53
ーー

24. Anaerobic respiration takes place in this part of the cell.
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25. What is the total number of ATP that can be generated from one molecule of glucose?

Answer 1

12. Lactic acid (lactate) — muscles convert pyruvate to lactic acid during anaerobic conditions.

13. Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) — produces NADH/FADH2 (hydrogen equivalents), ATP (GTP), and CO2.

14. Alcoholic fermentation (yeast respiration) — produces CO2 that makes dough rise.

15. A phosphate group (phosphorylation/dephosphorylation) — adding/removing phosphate (ATP ↔ ADP + Pi) stores or releases energy.

16. Glycolysis — glucose is broken down to pyruvic acid.

7. Citrate (citric acid) — acetate (as acetyl) + oxaloacetate → citrate, a 6‑carbon compound.

18. NADH (and FADH2) — reduced electron carriers deliver high‑energy electrons to the electron transport chain.

19. Electron transport chain (oxidative phosphorylation) — the ETC pumps protons to build the proton gradient.

20. Cristae — the folded inner mitochondrial membrane that increases surface area.

21. Mitochondrion (mitochondria) — site of aerobic respiration.

22. Carbon dioxide (CO2) — released as a waste product during the Krebs cycle.

23. Anaerobic respiration (fermentation) — respiration that does not require oxygen.

24. Cytoplasm (cytosol) — anaerobic respiration/fermentation occurs in the cytoplasm.

25. ~36 ATP per glucose (classic school answer).