Question

Which of the following statements are a valid answer to the evolutionary argument that systematics can be used to support evolution?

Select all that apply

Convergence can be explained by a common Designer that gave the same trait or ability to different kinds of organisms.

God designed each species for its own special habitat.

Kinds can be organized into an orchard of life.

Scientists often disagree on the evolutionary ancestors of organisms.

Answer 1

Answers 1, 2, and 3.

Explanation: Items 1–3 are alternative (creationist/ID) explanations offered in response to the claim that systematics supports common descent: convergence by a common Designer, special creation for habitats, or an "orchard" of separately created kinds. Item 4 is true (scientists sometimes disagree about specific ancestors) but is not a substantive alternative explanation for the systematic patterns and so is not a valid counterargument in the same sense.