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Decide whether each question could be answered with an observational study or an experimental study.(2 points)
Observational Study Experimental Study
How does the introduction of mindfulness practices in the workplace impact employee productivity?
How do various parenting styles influence child development outcomes?
What are the effects of social media usage on teenagers' mental health over time?
Does participation in a structured after-school program improve social skills in children compared to those who do not participate?
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1) How does the introduction of mindfulness practices in the workplace impact employee productivity? — Experimental study (preferred).
Reason: You can randomize employees or work units to receive a mindfulness program versus control to infer causality; if randomization isn’t feasible, an observational (quasi-experimental) design is an alternative.
2) How do various parenting styles influence child development outcomes? — Observational study.
Reason: Parenting styles cannot ethically or practically be randomly assigned, so longitudinal or cross-sectional observational designs are used to study associations and control for confounders.
3) What are the effects of social media usage on teenagers' mental health over time? — Observational study (longitudinal preferred).
Reason: Randomly assigning social media use is generally impractical/unethical for long periods; a prospective cohort design can examine temporal associations and changes.
4) Does participation in a structured after-school program improve social skills in children compared to those who do not participate? — Experimental study (preferred).
Reason: You can use random assignment (or wait-list control) to the program to test causality; if randomization isn’t possible, use a matched or quasi-experimental design.
Reason: You can randomize employees or work units to receive a mindfulness program versus control to infer causality; if randomization isn’t feasible, an observational (quasi-experimental) design is an alternative.
2) How do various parenting styles influence child development outcomes? — Observational study.
Reason: Parenting styles cannot ethically or practically be randomly assigned, so longitudinal or cross-sectional observational designs are used to study associations and control for confounders.
3) What are the effects of social media usage on teenagers' mental health over time? — Observational study (longitudinal preferred).
Reason: Randomly assigning social media use is generally impractical/unethical for long periods; a prospective cohort design can examine temporal associations and changes.
4) Does participation in a structured after-school program improve social skills in children compared to those who do not participate? — Experimental study (preferred).
Reason: You can use random assignment (or wait-list control) to the program to test causality; if randomization isn’t possible, use a matched or quasi-experimental design.
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