Asked by aubrey
Define shortly
Enlightenment
Social Contract
Natural Rights
Deism
Liberalism
Empiricism
Nationalism
Mary Wollstonecraft
Suffrage
End of Serfdom
Declaration of Independence
Jamaica Letter
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
Reign of Terror
Simon Bolivar
Toussaint L'Ouverture
Realpolitik
Otto von Bismarck
Peninsulares
Creoles
Industrial Revolution
cottage industry
factory system
seed drill
Spinning Jenny
crop rotation
Enclosure Movement
steam engine
All Answers 1
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- Enlightenment: 18th-century intellectual movement emphasizing reason, science, individual rights, and secular progress.
- Social Contract: theory (Hobbes/Locke/Rousseau) that legitimate government arises from an implicit agreement of people to form authority protecting rights.
- Natural Rights: fundamental rights thought to belong to every person by nature (commonly life, liberty, property).
- Deism: belief in a rational creator who set the universe in motion but does not intervene supernaturally in human affairs.
- Liberalism: political ideology stressing individual liberty, rule of law, equal rights, and limited government (classical form emphasizes free markets).
- Empiricism: philosophical view that knowledge comes chiefly from sensory experience and observation.
- Nationalism: political and cultural ideology holding that a people with common identity should govern themselves in a sovereign nation-state.
- Mary Wollstonecraft: British Enlightenment writer and early feminist, author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792).
- Suffrage: the right to vote in public elections.
- End of Serfdom: abolition of the feudal practice binding peasants to land and landlords (occurring at different times—e.g., Russia 1861).
- Declaration of Independence: 1776 American document declaring the colonies’ independence from Britain and asserting natural rights and government by consent.
- Jamaica Letter: 1815 letter by Simón Bolívar (Carta de Jamaica) analyzing Spanish American independence and visions for republican government.
- Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen: 1789 French revolutionary statement asserting universal rights, legal equality, and popular sovereignty.
- Reign of Terror: radical phase of the French Revolution (circa 1793–1794) marked by political purges and mass executions under the Committee of Public Safety.
- Simón Bolívar: Venezuelan-born leader of early 19th-century Latin American independence movements and proponent of Gran Colombia.
- Toussaint L’Ouverture: former slave who led the Haitian Revolution, establishing autonomy in Saint-Domingue before his capture by the French.
- Realpolitik: pragmatic, power-focused statecraft that prioritizes practical interests over ideology or moral principles.
- Otto von Bismarck: 19th-century Prussian statesman who unified Germany using diplomacy, war, and Realpolitik; first Chancellor of the German Empire.
- Peninsulares: Spanish-born elites in colonial Latin America who held the highest administrative and ecclesiastical posts.
- Creoles: people of European (mainly Spanish) descent born in the Americas; socially influential but often excluded from top colonial offices.
- Industrial Revolution: major economic and social shift (late 18th–19th centuries) from artisanal/agricultural production to mechanized, factory-based industry.
- Cottage industry: home-based small-scale production (often of textiles) before industrial factory systems.
- Factory system: centralized production model using machines and wage labor in a single facility to increase scale and efficiency.
- Seed drill: mechanized device (promoted by Jethro Tull) for sowing seeds in orderly rows to improve germination and yields.
- Spinning Jenny: early multi-spindle spinning machine (invented by James Hargreaves) that greatly increased yarn production.
- Crop rotation: practice of alternating different crops on the same land across seasons to preserve soil fertility and reduce pests.
- Enclosure Movement: consolidation and privatization of common lands in Britain into fenced farms, boosting productivity and displacing many smallholders.
- Steam engine: heat engine that converts steam pressure into mechanical work, a key power source of the Industrial Revolution (improved by James Watt).
- Social Contract: theory (Hobbes/Locke/Rousseau) that legitimate government arises from an implicit agreement of people to form authority protecting rights.
- Natural Rights: fundamental rights thought to belong to every person by nature (commonly life, liberty, property).
- Deism: belief in a rational creator who set the universe in motion but does not intervene supernaturally in human affairs.
- Liberalism: political ideology stressing individual liberty, rule of law, equal rights, and limited government (classical form emphasizes free markets).
- Empiricism: philosophical view that knowledge comes chiefly from sensory experience and observation.
- Nationalism: political and cultural ideology holding that a people with common identity should govern themselves in a sovereign nation-state.
- Mary Wollstonecraft: British Enlightenment writer and early feminist, author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792).
- Suffrage: the right to vote in public elections.
- End of Serfdom: abolition of the feudal practice binding peasants to land and landlords (occurring at different times—e.g., Russia 1861).
- Declaration of Independence: 1776 American document declaring the colonies’ independence from Britain and asserting natural rights and government by consent.
- Jamaica Letter: 1815 letter by Simón Bolívar (Carta de Jamaica) analyzing Spanish American independence and visions for republican government.
- Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen: 1789 French revolutionary statement asserting universal rights, legal equality, and popular sovereignty.
- Reign of Terror: radical phase of the French Revolution (circa 1793–1794) marked by political purges and mass executions under the Committee of Public Safety.
- Simón Bolívar: Venezuelan-born leader of early 19th-century Latin American independence movements and proponent of Gran Colombia.
- Toussaint L’Ouverture: former slave who led the Haitian Revolution, establishing autonomy in Saint-Domingue before his capture by the French.
- Realpolitik: pragmatic, power-focused statecraft that prioritizes practical interests over ideology or moral principles.
- Otto von Bismarck: 19th-century Prussian statesman who unified Germany using diplomacy, war, and Realpolitik; first Chancellor of the German Empire.
- Peninsulares: Spanish-born elites in colonial Latin America who held the highest administrative and ecclesiastical posts.
- Creoles: people of European (mainly Spanish) descent born in the Americas; socially influential but often excluded from top colonial offices.
- Industrial Revolution: major economic and social shift (late 18th–19th centuries) from artisanal/agricultural production to mechanized, factory-based industry.
- Cottage industry: home-based small-scale production (often of textiles) before industrial factory systems.
- Factory system: centralized production model using machines and wage labor in a single facility to increase scale and efficiency.
- Seed drill: mechanized device (promoted by Jethro Tull) for sowing seeds in orderly rows to improve germination and yields.
- Spinning Jenny: early multi-spindle spinning machine (invented by James Hargreaves) that greatly increased yarn production.
- Crop rotation: practice of alternating different crops on the same land across seasons to preserve soil fertility and reduce pests.
- Enclosure Movement: consolidation and privatization of common lands in Britain into fenced farms, boosting productivity and displacing many smallholders.
- Steam engine: heat engine that converts steam pressure into mechanical work, a key power source of the Industrial Revolution (improved by James Watt).
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