Question

Drag each argument to the correct location. (1 point)
Sound
Valid but unsound
Invalid
Argumer
John Adams, John Quincy Adams' father, was a Federalist.
Family members belong to the same political party.
:: Thus, John Quincy Adams was a Federalist like his father.
A world war is fought by multiple nations in multiple countries.
During the War of 1812, the United States fought Great Britain in America and Canada.
:: It follows that the War of 1812 was a world war.
The Nineteenth Amendment gave women in the United States the right to vote.
Since 1980, women have registered to vote and turned out in greater numbers at the polls than men.
•: Therefore, the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified some time before 1980.

Answer 1

Sound:
- The Nineteenth Amendment gave women in the United States the right to vote.
Since 1980, women have registered to vote and turned out in greater numbers at the polls than men.
Therefore, the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified some time before 1980.
Reason: premises are true and the conclusion follows.

Valid but unsound:
- John Adams, John Quincy Adams' father, was a Federalist.
Family members belong to the same political party.
Thus, John Quincy Adams was a Federalist like his father.
Reason: the inference is valid, but the universal premise about family members is false (so the argument is unsound).

Invalid:
- A world war is fought by multiple nations in multiple countries.
During the War of 1812, the United States fought Great Britain in America and Canada.
It follows that the War of 1812 was a world war.
Reason: the premises do not deductively guarantee the conclusion (the definition/usage of “world war” is ambiguous/insufficient), so the argument is invalid.