Question

In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, popes called for crusades against

any groups they thought threatened Catholicism.
Catholics living in northern Europe.
powerful kings in France and Spain.
the Mongols who lived in Asia.

Answer 1

any groups they thought threatened Catholicism.

Explanation: In the 12th–13th centuries popes not only launched expeditions to the Holy Land but also called crusades against heretics (e.g., the Albigensian Crusade), pagan groups in the Baltic (Northern Crusades), and political opponents when labeled threats to Christendom — in short, groups seen as endangering the Church.