Question

What type of bureaucracy did the caliphate create?

a bureaucracy where only Muslims held all positions of power
a bureaucracy where only non-Muslims were recruited for the army
a bureaucracy where non-Muslims held all positions of power
a bureaucracy where Muslims equally shared the spoils of war

Answer 1

"a bureaucracy where non-Muslims held all positions of power"

Explanation: The caliphate relied heavily on non-Muslims—especially Persians, Christians, and Jews—for administrative and bureaucratic roles, using their existing expertise in governance and record‑keeping. (Muslims still dominated religious and military leadership.)