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Major Events & Culture
32. Black Death (Bubonic Plague):
Gothic:
Romanesque:
Byzantine Empire:
Hundred Years' War:
Renaissance:
Scholasticism:
Vernacular:
Troubadour:
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- Black Death (Bubonic Plague): A pandemic that struck Europe (and much of Eurasia) in the mid-14th century (peaked 1347–1351), killing roughly 30–60% of affected populations. It caused massive social and economic upheaval—labor shortages, wage rises, weakening of feudal bonds, religious turmoil, and long-term demographic change.
- Gothic: An architectural and artistic style that developed in 12th-century France and spread across Europe (12th–16th centuries). Key features include pointed arches, ribbed vaults, flying buttresses, and large stained-glass windows; associated with soaring cathedrals (e.g., Chartres) and an emphasis on light and verticality.
- Romanesque: The dominant Western European architectural style before Gothic (roughly 10th–12th centuries). Characterized by thick walls, rounded arches, heavy piers, small windows, and barrel or groin vaults; often used for sturdy, fortress-like churches and monasteries.
- Byzantine Empire: The eastern continuation of the Roman Empire centered on Constantinople (330–1453). Greek-speaking and Orthodox Christian, it preserved Roman law and classical learning, produced distinctive art (mosaics, icons), and acted as a political and cultural bridge between East and West until its fall to the Ottomans in 1453.
- Hundred Years' War: A series of conflicts between England and France from 1337 to 1453 over dynastic claims and territorial control. It transformed medieval warfare (rise of longbow, decline of cavalry-heavy feudal armies), fostered national identities, and featured figures like Joan of Arc; ultimately ended with French victory and greater French centralization.
- Renaissance: A cultural and intellectual movement beginning in 14th-century Italy and spreading across Europe (14th–17th centuries) that revived interest in classical antiquity, humanism, and empirical inquiry. Marked by major achievements in art (e.g., Leonardo, Michelangelo), science (Copernicus, Galileo), literature, and the expansion of secular learning.
- Scholasticism: The medieval method of learning (11th–17th centuries, peak 12th–13th) centered in universities, using dialectical reasoning to reconcile Christian theology with classical philosophy (especially Aristotle). Major figures include Anselm, Peter Abelard, and Thomas Aquinas; it emphasized disputation, precise definitions, and systematic theology.
- Vernacular: The everyday spoken language of a region (as opposed to Latin), increasingly used in literature and official writing during the Middle Ages and Renaissance. The rise of vernacular writing (e.g., Dante’s Divine Comedy, Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales) broadened readership and fostered national literatures.
- Troubadour: Medieval lyric poets and musicians from southern France (Occitania) active chiefly in the 11th–13th centuries. They composed and performed songs about courtly love, chivalry, and sometimes politics; their forms and themes influenced later European vernacular poetry and courtly culture.
- Gothic: An architectural and artistic style that developed in 12th-century France and spread across Europe (12th–16th centuries). Key features include pointed arches, ribbed vaults, flying buttresses, and large stained-glass windows; associated with soaring cathedrals (e.g., Chartres) and an emphasis on light and verticality.
- Romanesque: The dominant Western European architectural style before Gothic (roughly 10th–12th centuries). Characterized by thick walls, rounded arches, heavy piers, small windows, and barrel or groin vaults; often used for sturdy, fortress-like churches and monasteries.
- Byzantine Empire: The eastern continuation of the Roman Empire centered on Constantinople (330–1453). Greek-speaking and Orthodox Christian, it preserved Roman law and classical learning, produced distinctive art (mosaics, icons), and acted as a political and cultural bridge between East and West until its fall to the Ottomans in 1453.
- Hundred Years' War: A series of conflicts between England and France from 1337 to 1453 over dynastic claims and territorial control. It transformed medieval warfare (rise of longbow, decline of cavalry-heavy feudal armies), fostered national identities, and featured figures like Joan of Arc; ultimately ended with French victory and greater French centralization.
- Renaissance: A cultural and intellectual movement beginning in 14th-century Italy and spreading across Europe (14th–17th centuries) that revived interest in classical antiquity, humanism, and empirical inquiry. Marked by major achievements in art (e.g., Leonardo, Michelangelo), science (Copernicus, Galileo), literature, and the expansion of secular learning.
- Scholasticism: The medieval method of learning (11th–17th centuries, peak 12th–13th) centered in universities, using dialectical reasoning to reconcile Christian theology with classical philosophy (especially Aristotle). Major figures include Anselm, Peter Abelard, and Thomas Aquinas; it emphasized disputation, precise definitions, and systematic theology.
- Vernacular: The everyday spoken language of a region (as opposed to Latin), increasingly used in literature and official writing during the Middle Ages and Renaissance. The rise of vernacular writing (e.g., Dante’s Divine Comedy, Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales) broadened readership and fostered national literatures.
- Troubadour: Medieval lyric poets and musicians from southern France (Occitania) active chiefly in the 11th–13th centuries. They composed and performed songs about courtly love, chivalry, and sometimes politics; their forms and themes influenced later European vernacular poetry and courtly culture.
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