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The most violent portion the French Revolution was called reign of terror because...

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Because during that phase (roughly Sept. 1793–July 1794) the revolutionary government deliberately used terror as policy: the Committee of Public Safety, led by figures like Robespierre, ordered mass arrests, summary trials and executions (notably by guillotine) to crush real and suspected opponents. Laws such as the Law of Suspects and the Law of 22 Prairial sped procedures, producing thousands of formal executions and many more deaths in prison or civil war—hence it became known as the "Reign of Terror."