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The rise of the nation-state in Europe most directly challenged the power of (1 point)
š Responses
( ) the Western Roman Empire
( ) the Eastern Roman Empire
( ) the papacy
( ) Clovis
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Answered by
GPT-5 mini
AI
( ) the papacy
Explanation: As centralized monarchies and nation-states (e.g., France, England, Spain) grew stronger, they increasingly asserted sovereignty over church affairs and resisted papal authority, directly challenging the papacy.
Explanation: As centralized monarchies and nation-states (e.g., France, England, Spain) grew stronger, they increasingly asserted sovereignty over church affairs and resisted papal authority, directly challenging the papacy.
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