Asked by k.
This section defines four forces that exist throughout the universe. Each force
is described and its significance is discussed.
Reading Strategy (page 378)
Comparing and Contrasting As you read this section, compare two
universal forces by completing the table. For more information on this
Reading Strategy, see the Reading and Study Skills in the Skills and
Reference Handbook at the end of your textbook.
Universal Nuclear Forces
Force
Acts on Which
Acts Over
Relative
Particles?
What Distance?
Strength
Strong nuclear
Weak nuclear
1. What are the four universal forces?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Electromagnetic Forces (pages 378–379)
2. Is the following sentence true or false? Electromagnetic force is
associated with charged particles.
3. Name the only two forces that can both attract and repel.
4. Objects with like charges
one another, and
objects with opposite charges
one another.
5. Circle the letters of the sentences that correctly describe
magnets or magnetic forces.
a. Magnetic forces act on certain metals.
b. Magnets have two poles, north and south.
c. Two poles that are alike attract each other.
d. Magnetic forces can both attract and repel.
Nuclear Forces (pages 379–380)
6. The force that holds particles in the nucleus together is the
.
7. What evidence suggests that nuclear forces have a powerful
force of attraction?
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Physical Science Guided Reading and Study Workbook
■
Chapter 12 109
8. Circle the letter of the best answer. Over extremely short distances,
approximately how many times stronger is the strong nuclear
force than the electric force of repulsion?
a. 10
b. 100
c. 1000
d. 10,000
9. Compare and contrast the strong and weak nuclear forces.
Gravitational Force (pages 380–382)
10. State Newton’s law of universal gravitation.
11. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about gravitational force.
a. The closer two objects are to one another, the weaker the
gravitational force.
b. The farther apart two objects are, the weaker the gravitational force.
c. The greater the mass of an object, the stronger its gravitational force.
d. Earth’s gravitational force is stronger than the gravitational
force of the sun.
12. The gravitational force of attraction between two objects depends
on
and
.
13. Is the following sentence true or false? Gravity is the weakest
universal force, but it is the most effective force over long
distances.
14. The sun’s mass is much greater than the mass of Earth, so the
sun’s gravitational force is much
than that
of Earth.
15. Why does the moon orbit Earth in a nearly circular path?
16. Is the following sentence true or false? The gravitational pull of the
moon is the primary cause of Earth’s ocean tides.
17. Is the following sentence true or false? The pull of Earth’s gravity
can slow an artificial satellite, causing it to lose altitude and fall
from the sky.
18. List four uses of artificial satellites.
All Answers 1
Answered by
GPT-5 mini
AI
Universal Nuclear Forces (answers)
1. What are the four universal forces?
a. Strong nuclear force
b. Weak nuclear force
c. Electromagnetic force
d. Gravitational force
Electromagnetic Forces (pp. 378–379)
2. True — electromagnetic force is associated with charged particles.
3. The only two forces that can both attract and repel: electric forces and magnetic forces (together these are the electromagnetic force).
4. Objects with like charges repel one another, and objects with opposite charges attract one another.
5. Sentences that correctly describe magnets or magnetic forces: a, b, d
a. True — magnetic forces act on certain metals.
b. True — magnets have two poles, north and south.
c. False — two like poles repel each other (not attract).
d. True — magnetic forces can both attract and repel.
Nuclear Forces (pp. 379–380)
6. The force that holds particles in the nucleus together is the strong nuclear force (strong force).
7. Evidence that nuclear forces have a powerful attraction: they overcome the strong electrostatic repulsion between positively charged protons so nuclei remain bound; large amounts of energy are released in nuclear reactions (fission/fusion), showing the strength of the binding.
8. Over extremely short distances, the strong nuclear force is about 100 times stronger than the electric force of repulsion. (b)
9. Compare and contrast the strong and weak nuclear forces:
- Strong nuclear force: acts between quarks (and between protons and neutrons) to bind the nucleus; very short range (~10^-15 m); the strongest of the four forces; primarily attractive.
- Weak nuclear force: responsible for certain types of radioactive decay (e.g., beta decay) and for changing quark flavors; even shorter range (~10^-18–10^-17 m); much weaker than the strong force; involved in particle transformations and neutrino interactions.
Gravitational Force (pp. 380–382)
10. Newton’s law of universal gravitation: F = G (m1 · m2) / r^2, where G is the gravitational constant, m1 and m2 are the masses, and r is the distance between their centers.
11. True sentences about gravitational force: b and c
a. False — the closer two objects are, the stronger the gravitational force (not weaker).
b. True — the farther apart two objects are, the weaker the gravitational force.
c. True — the greater the mass of an object, the stronger its gravitational force.
d. False — the Sun’s gravitational force at comparable distances is stronger than Earth’s (the Sun’s mass is far greater).
12. The gravitational force of attraction between two objects depends on their masses and the distance between them.
13. True — Gravity is the weakest universal force but it is the most effective over long distances.
14. The sun’s gravitational force is much greater than that of Earth. (Sun’s mass is much greater, so its gravitational force is much greater.)
15. The moon orbits Earth in a nearly circular path because the moon’s tangential velocity together with Earth’s gravitational pull provides the centripetal force needed to keep it in a nearly circular orbit.
16. True — the gravitational pull of the moon is the primary cause of Earth’s ocean tides (the Sun also contributes).
17. True (in context) — the pull of Earth’s gravity, together with forces such as atmospheric drag, can cause an artificial satellite to lose energy, lose altitude, and eventually reenter. (Gravity alone does not "slow" a satellite; atmospheric drag and other perturbations reduce orbital energy so gravity then pulls it down.)
18. Four uses of artificial satellites:
- Communications (TV, phone, internet links)
- Weather monitoring and forecasting
- Navigation/GPS and timing services
- Earth observation and mapping (environmental monitoring, resource surveys, disaster monitoring)
(also: scientific research and space/astronomy observations, military reconnaissance)
1. What are the four universal forces?
a. Strong nuclear force
b. Weak nuclear force
c. Electromagnetic force
d. Gravitational force
Electromagnetic Forces (pp. 378–379)
2. True — electromagnetic force is associated with charged particles.
3. The only two forces that can both attract and repel: electric forces and magnetic forces (together these are the electromagnetic force).
4. Objects with like charges repel one another, and objects with opposite charges attract one another.
5. Sentences that correctly describe magnets or magnetic forces: a, b, d
a. True — magnetic forces act on certain metals.
b. True — magnets have two poles, north and south.
c. False — two like poles repel each other (not attract).
d. True — magnetic forces can both attract and repel.
Nuclear Forces (pp. 379–380)
6. The force that holds particles in the nucleus together is the strong nuclear force (strong force).
7. Evidence that nuclear forces have a powerful attraction: they overcome the strong electrostatic repulsion between positively charged protons so nuclei remain bound; large amounts of energy are released in nuclear reactions (fission/fusion), showing the strength of the binding.
8. Over extremely short distances, the strong nuclear force is about 100 times stronger than the electric force of repulsion. (b)
9. Compare and contrast the strong and weak nuclear forces:
- Strong nuclear force: acts between quarks (and between protons and neutrons) to bind the nucleus; very short range (~10^-15 m); the strongest of the four forces; primarily attractive.
- Weak nuclear force: responsible for certain types of radioactive decay (e.g., beta decay) and for changing quark flavors; even shorter range (~10^-18–10^-17 m); much weaker than the strong force; involved in particle transformations and neutrino interactions.
Gravitational Force (pp. 380–382)
10. Newton’s law of universal gravitation: F = G (m1 · m2) / r^2, where G is the gravitational constant, m1 and m2 are the masses, and r is the distance between their centers.
11. True sentences about gravitational force: b and c
a. False — the closer two objects are, the stronger the gravitational force (not weaker).
b. True — the farther apart two objects are, the weaker the gravitational force.
c. True — the greater the mass of an object, the stronger its gravitational force.
d. False — the Sun’s gravitational force at comparable distances is stronger than Earth’s (the Sun’s mass is far greater).
12. The gravitational force of attraction between two objects depends on their masses and the distance between them.
13. True — Gravity is the weakest universal force but it is the most effective over long distances.
14. The sun’s gravitational force is much greater than that of Earth. (Sun’s mass is much greater, so its gravitational force is much greater.)
15. The moon orbits Earth in a nearly circular path because the moon’s tangential velocity together with Earth’s gravitational pull provides the centripetal force needed to keep it in a nearly circular orbit.
16. True — the gravitational pull of the moon is the primary cause of Earth’s ocean tides (the Sun also contributes).
17. True (in context) — the pull of Earth’s gravity, together with forces such as atmospheric drag, can cause an artificial satellite to lose energy, lose altitude, and eventually reenter. (Gravity alone does not "slow" a satellite; atmospheric drag and other perturbations reduce orbital energy so gravity then pulls it down.)
18. Four uses of artificial satellites:
- Communications (TV, phone, internet links)
- Weather monitoring and forecasting
- Navigation/GPS and timing services
- Earth observation and mapping (environmental monitoring, resource surveys, disaster monitoring)
(also: scientific research and space/astronomy observations, military reconnaissance)
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