Question

World War II (1939–1945) was a national effort. Practically everyone did something to lend a hand. People worked in factories, rationed food, or even grew their own vegetables and saved the best cucumbers for the troops. One of the most important ways people helped out was through scrap drives, where pots and pans, car fenders, and rubber raincoats were donated and recycled into materials that could be used for tanks, ships, and tires.

But something else was critical to the recycling effort: music recordings.

In the 1940s, music was produced on records—round discs that were black, grooved, and covered with a shiny coating called shellac. During World War II, shellac was crucial for making signal flares, explosives, and a coating for artillery shells. Because the recording industry was using 30 percent of America's shellac, the government ordered a 70 percent cut in the production of records.

Cutting record production didn't instantly replenish shellac reserves, but music lovers could help the cause if they were willing to part with their records. To gather the shellac, groups like the American Legion organized collection drives. In all, millions of records were donated, melted down, and turned into explosives.

That's not the end of the story, though. American soldiers were overseas for years, and it was important to raise their morale. As part of this effort, there was a big push to make sure soldiers were entertained—and a good way to entertain them was with music.

But the country didn't just send some of the donated records to the troops.

For one thing, that would waste precious shellac. More important, the troops really didn't want old records, because they were, well, old. The troops were already eating the same foods over and over. They didn't want to listen to the same songs over and over, too.

To give the troops something new, the government started putting together compilations of music known as "V-Discs." But rather than wasting shellac, a new way of making records was invented—vinyl, the medium preferred by music enthusiasts today. More than eight million vinyl discs were sent overseas containing new songs by the likes of Duke Ellington, Benny Goodman, and Dinah Shore.

There was also a downside to the nation's sudden fever for shellac recycling. Today, almost everything exists digitally online, backed up on cloud servers, and it can be impossible to permanently delete anything. But back then, music recordings existed in only two places: on records or in the original master recordings made in the studio. Once all the physical copies were destroyed, the recording was gone forever. And that's what happened to some music during World War II. While records were destroyed for shellac, the master recordings were recycled for the aluminum and copper they contained. As a result, many pieces of music history—like songs, alternate takes, and unreleased tracks—were lost.

Music wasn't the only medium affected. Also at risk were radio recordings, which were broadcast live over the airwaves and then saved on aluminum discs. Nearly every radio broadcast that had been recorded before 1935 was melted down. In fact, experts think there might be as few as 17 radio recordings made between 1920 and 1931 that still exist!

But the music and radio recordings that remain are now housed safely in places like the Library of Congress so that current and future generations can listen to them in perpetuity.

Question 4


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Which is the closest antonym for the word crucial?


notorious
sustainable
improper
irrelevant

Answer 1

irrelevant

"Crucial" means essential or critical; "irrelevant" means not important or unrelated, making it the closest antonym.