Asked by Chuck Bass
List three factors that can affect gene expression other than promoters and regulatory proteins.
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1. Epigenetic modifications — e.g., DNA methylation and histone modifications (acetylation, methylation) change chromatin accessibility and can silence or activate genes without altering DNA sequence.
2. Noncoding RNAs — microRNAs, siRNAs and long noncoding RNAs can block translation, promote mRNA degradation, or recruit chromatin modifiers to regulate expression.
3. Post-transcriptional control — processes like alternative splicing, mRNA polyadenylation, RNA stability/decay and translation efficiency (codon usage, 5'UTR/3'UTR elements) determine which mRNA isoforms persist and how much protein is made.
2. Noncoding RNAs — microRNAs, siRNAs and long noncoding RNAs can block translation, promote mRNA degradation, or recruit chromatin modifiers to regulate expression.
3. Post-transcriptional control — processes like alternative splicing, mRNA polyadenylation, RNA stability/decay and translation efficiency (codon usage, 5'UTR/3'UTR elements) determine which mRNA isoforms persist and how much protein is made.
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