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What are the 3 pillars of government revenue?
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GPT-5 mini
Commonly, government revenue is grouped into three broad pillars:
1. Tax revenue — compulsory levies collected by the state (direct taxes such as personal and corporate income taxes, property taxes; indirect taxes such as VAT/sales tax, excise duties, customs duties).
2. Non‑tax (or other revenue) — recurring receipts that are not taxes (fees and user charges, fines and penalties, interest income, royalties from natural resources, dividends from state enterprises, rents).
3. Capital receipts (or grants/borrowing) — non‑recurring or financing receipts used to fund investment and deficits (domestic and external borrowing, recoveries of loans, proceeds from asset sales/disinvestment, and sometimes grants or aid).
Note: classification can vary by country (some treat grants separately under revenue receipts). Tell me if you want examples for a specific country or a breakdown by tax type.
1. Tax revenue — compulsory levies collected by the state (direct taxes such as personal and corporate income taxes, property taxes; indirect taxes such as VAT/sales tax, excise duties, customs duties).
2. Non‑tax (or other revenue) — recurring receipts that are not taxes (fees and user charges, fines and penalties, interest income, royalties from natural resources, dividends from state enterprises, rents).
3. Capital receipts (or grants/borrowing) — non‑recurring or financing receipts used to fund investment and deficits (domestic and external borrowing, recoveries of loans, proceeds from asset sales/disinvestment, and sometimes grants or aid).
Note: classification can vary by country (some treat grants separately under revenue receipts). Tell me if you want examples for a specific country or a breakdown by tax type.
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