Question

: Multiple Choice Questions
1. Which of the following is NOT a pathogen? a) Virus b) Bacteria c) Antibody d) Fungus
2. Which immune cells produce antibodies? a) T cells b) B cells c) Macrophages d) Neutrophils
3. Which part of the immune system responds the fastest? a) Adaptive immunity b) Innate immunity c)
Both equally d) None of the above
4. Which of the following is an example of specific immunity? a) Skin barrier b) Stomach acid c)
Antibody production d) Mucus
5. Vaccines work by: a) Killing pathogens directly b) Training the immune system to recognize antigens
c) Increasing fever d) None of the above
6. Which is the first line of defense? a) Antibodies b) Skin c) T cells d) Memory cells
7. Which of these is part of the innate immune system? a) Antibody production b) Fever c) Memory
cells d) Vaccines
8. Which organ produces white blood cells? a) Liver b) Bone marrow c) Kidney d) Pancreas
9. Which type of cell engulfs pathogens? a) Macrophage b) B cell c) T cell d) Plasma cell
10. Which of these is NOT a physical barrier? a) Skin b) Mucus c) Stomach acid d) Antibody
11. Which immune cell destroys infected cells? a) Helper T cell b) Cytotoxic T cell c) B cell d)
Macrophage
12. Which chemical signals help coordinate immune responses? a) Hormones b) Cytokines c)
Enzymes d) Lipids
13. Which of these is an autoimmune disease? a) Influenza b) Diabetes Type 1 c) Common cold d)
Tuberculosis
14. Which of these is a symptom of inflammation? a) Redness b) Swelling c) Heat d) All of the above
15. Which immune response is slower but more specific? a) Innate b) Adaptive c) Both d) None
16. Which of these is a chemical barrier? a) Skin b) Tears c) Mucus d) Hair
17. Which of these cells are part of adaptive immunity? a) Macrophages b) B cells c) Neutrophils d)
Basophils
18. Which of these is a function of antibodies? a) Destroy pathogens directly b) Tag pathogens for
destruction c) Produce antigens d) None
19. Which of these is NOT a pathogen? a) Virus b) Fungus c) Antigen d) Bacteria
20. Which of these is a benefit of fever? a) Speeds up pathogen growth b) Slows pathogen growth c)
Stops immune response d) None
21. Which of these is part of the lymphatic system? a) Lymph nodes b) Liver c) Pancreas d) Kidney
22. Which of these cells help activate B cells? a) Helper T cells b) Cytotoxic T cells c) Macrophages d)
Neutrophils
23. Which of these is a second line of defense? a) Skin b) Stomach acid c) Inflammation d) Hair
24. Which of these is NOT part of the immune system? a) Spleen b) Bone marrow c) Heart d) Lymph
nodes
25. Which of these is an example of passive immunity? a) Vaccination b) Breast milk antibodies c)
Infection recovery d) None
26. Which of these cells remember past infections? a) Memory cells b) Plasma cells c) Macrophages d)
Neutrophils
27. Which of these is a role of the spleen? a) Produce antibodies b) Filter blood c) Make antigens d)
None
28. Which of these is a sign of an allergic reaction? a) Sneezing b) Fever c) Rash d) Both a and c
29. Which of these is a pathogen? a) Virus b) Antibody c) Antigen d) Cytokine
30. Which of these is the main function of the immune system? a) Produce energy b) Protect against
pathogens c) Make hormones d) None
Part B: Short Answer Questions
1. Explain the difference between innate and adaptive immunity.
2. What is an antigen and how does it relate to antibodies?
3. Why is inflammation important in fighting infections?
4. How do vaccines help the immune system?
5. Give one example of an autoimmune disease and describe what happens in the body

Answer 1

Multiple Choice — Answers
1. c) Antibody
2. b) B cells
3. b) Innate immunity
4. c) Antibody production
5. b) Training the immune system to recognize antigens
6. b) Skin
7. b) Fever
8. b) Bone marrow
9. a) Macrophage
10. d) Antibody
11. b) Cytotoxic T cell
12. b) Cytokines
13. b) Diabetes Type 1
14. d) All of the above
15. b) Adaptive
16. b) Tears
17. b) B cells
18. b) Tag pathogens for destruction
19. c) Antigen
20. b) Slows pathogen growth
21. a) Lymph nodes
22. a) Helper T cells
23. c) Inflammation
24. c) Heart
25. b) Breast milk antibodies
26. a) Memory cells
27. b) Filter blood
28. d) Both a and c
29. a) Virus
30. b) Protect against pathogens

Short Answer — Part B
1. Difference between innate and adaptive immunity:
- Innate immunity is fast, non-specific, and includes physical barriers (skin, mucus), phagocytes, NK cells, complement, and inflammation. It has no memory.
- Adaptive immunity is slower on first exposure, highly specific (B and T cells recognize particular antigens), and generates memory cells for faster, stronger responses on subsequent exposures.

2. What is an antigen and how does it relate to antibodies?
- An antigen is any molecule (often on the surface of a pathogen or foreign cell) that is recognized as non-self by the immune system. Antibodies are proteins produced by B cells that bind specifically to antigens to neutralize them or mark them for destruction by other immune cells.

3. Why is inflammation important in fighting infections?
- Inflammation increases blood flow and vascular permeability to bring immune cells, nutrients, and proteins to the infected area, helps isolate the threat, and promotes removal of pathogens and damaged tissue. It is a key early response that supports pathogen clearance and tissue repair.

4. How do vaccines help the immune system?
- Vaccines expose the immune system to safe forms of antigens (inactivated/attenuated pathogens, proteins, mRNA, etc.) so adaptive immunity generates specific B and T cell responses and memory without causing severe disease. This primes the body to respond more quickly and effectively on real exposure.

5. Example of an autoimmune disease and what happens:
- Type 1 diabetes: the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Loss of these cells reduces insulin production, causing high blood sugar and requiring lifelong insulin replacement.