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Your Name:Brayden Buturla
Lesson Number
Question
Answer In Your Own Words
(notes/bullets okay!)
Lesson 1
DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid.
What does DNA carry?
What is the shape?
Lesson 1
What base pairs are found in DNA and how are they paired? What is the different base that RNA has, and what does it pair with?
Lesson 2
Describe a chromosome.
Lesson 2
What types of cells undergo meiosis, and what is produced during meiosis?
Lesson 2
What is crossing over, and in what phase of meiosis does it occur?
Lesson 2
Describe the Law of Independent Assortment.
Lesson 3
What are amino acids?
How many are there?
What is a codon?
Lesson 4
What are environmental factors and how does it relate to genetics? (Hint: It is in the video on page 6!)
Lesson 5
Summarize the types of mutations.
Substitution-
Insertion-
Frameshift-
Deletion-
Viable error-
Lesson 5
What are homologous chromosomes?
Lesson 6
What are somatic cells? What happens if there is a mutation on a somatic cell?
Lesson 6
Why does color blindness affect males more than females?
Lesson 7
Are all mutations a bad thing? Explain.
Lesson 9
What is the difference between genotype and phenotypes?
Lesson 9
What is the difference between codominance, and incomplete dominance?
Lesson 8
How do you know which allele for a trait is dominant?
Complete the practices below:
Complete this Punnett Square. Imagine Brown Eyes (T) are dominant to blue eyes (t).
T
t
T
T
What is the percent chance (probability) of genotype TT?
What is the percent chance (probability) of genotype Tt?
What is the percent chance (probability) of genotype tt?
What is the probability of the phenotype of brown eyes?
What is the probability of the phenotype of blue eyes?
All Answers 1
Answered by
GPT-5 mini
AI
Name: Brayden Buturla
Lesson 1
- DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid.
- What does DNA carry?
- Genetic instructions (blueprints) for building and operating cells — controls traits, development, growth, and reproduction.
- What is the shape?
- A double helix (two strands twisted around each other).
Lesson 1
- What base pairs are found in DNA and how are they paired?
- Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T); Cytosine (C) pairs with Guanine (G).
- What is the different base that RNA has, and what does it pair with?
- RNA has Uracil (U) instead of Thymine; Uracil pairs with Adenine (A).
Lesson 2
- Describe a chromosome.
- A long DNA molecule wound around proteins (histones), containing many genes. Visible during cell division as one or two sister chromatids joined at a centromere. Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).
Lesson 2
- What types of cells undergo meiosis, and what is produced during meiosis?
- Sex cells (germ cells) in the gonads undergo meiosis. Meiosis produces four genetically different haploid gametes (sperm or eggs).
Lesson 2
- What is crossing over, and in what phase of meiosis does it occur?
- Crossing over is the exchange of DNA segments between homologous chromosomes, creating new allele combinations. It occurs during Prophase I of meiosis.
Lesson 2
- Describe the Law of Independent Assortment.
- During gamete formation, alleles of different genes (on different chromosomes) segregate independently, so inheritance of one trait usually doesn’t affect inheritance of another (unless genes are linked).
Lesson 3
- What are amino acids?
- Building blocks of proteins; each protein is a chain of amino acids.
- How many are there?
- 20 standard amino acids used by cells.
- What is a codon?
- A sequence of three mRNA nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid or a stop signal.
Lesson 4
- What are environmental factors and how does it relate to genetics?
- Environmental factors = non-genetic influences like temperature, nutrition, light, chemicals, stress. They can change how genes are expressed (phenotype) — e.g., temperature affecting fur color, nutrition affecting height; epigenetics can alter gene activity without changing DNA sequence.
Lesson 5
- Summarize the types of mutations.
- Substitution: one base is replaced by another (can be silent, missense, or nonsense).
- Insertion: one or more bases are added into the sequence.
- Deletion: one or more bases are removed from the sequence.
- Frameshift: insertion or deletion that shifts the reading frame, changing every codon downstream.
- Viable error: a mutation that does not prevent survival (may be neutral or beneficial); organism can live with the change.
- (Notes: substitutions can be mild or severe; frameshifts are often more harmful because they alter many amino acids.)
Lesson 5
- What are homologous chromosomes?
- A pair of chromosomes (one from each parent) that are the same size and shape and carry the same kinds of genes in the same order, though they can have different alleles.
Lesson 6
- What are somatic cells? What happens if there is a mutation on a somatic cell?
- Somatic cells = body cells (all cells except sperm/egg). A mutation in a somatic cell affects only that cell and its descendants (can cause cancer or a localized problem) but is not passed to offspring.
Lesson 6
- Why does color blindness affect males more than females?
- Color blindness is usually X-linked recessive. Males (XY) have only one X, so a single defective allele causes the condition. Females (XX) need two defective alleles to show the trait, so it’s less common in females.
Lesson 7
- Are all mutations a bad thing? Explain.
- No. Mutations can be harmful, neutral, or beneficial. Beneficial mutations can improve survival or reproduction and drive evolution. Many mutations are neutral and have no noticeable effect.
Lesson 9
- What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
- Genotype = the genetic makeup (the alleles an organism carries). Phenotype = the observable traits (result of genotype + environment).
Lesson 9
- What is the difference between codominance, and incomplete dominance?
- Codominance: both alleles are fully expressed together (e.g., AB blood — both A and B shown).
- Incomplete dominance: heterozygote shows an intermediate (blended) phenotype (e.g., red + white = pink).
Lesson 8
- How do you know which allele for a trait is dominant?
- The dominant allele is the one whose trait appears in the heterozygote (it masks the recessive allele). You can determine dominance by looking at offspring from crosses (a testcross with a homozygous recessive reveals if the parent is homozygous dominant or heterozygous).
Punnett square practice (assuming parents are Tt × Tt; T = brown eyes dominant, t = blue eyes recessive)
Parent alleles: top: T | t
Left side: T | t
Square results:
- Top-left: T × T = TT
- Top-right: T × t = Tt
- Bottom-left: t × T = Tt
- Bottom-right: t × t = tt
Genotype probabilities:
- TT = 1 out of 4 = 25%
- Tt = 2 out of 4 = 50%
- tt = 1 out of 4 = 25%
Phenotype probabilities:
- Brown eyes (has at least one T) = TT + Tt = 75%
- Blue eyes (tt) = 25%
Lesson 1
- DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid.
- What does DNA carry?
- Genetic instructions (blueprints) for building and operating cells — controls traits, development, growth, and reproduction.
- What is the shape?
- A double helix (two strands twisted around each other).
Lesson 1
- What base pairs are found in DNA and how are they paired?
- Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T); Cytosine (C) pairs with Guanine (G).
- What is the different base that RNA has, and what does it pair with?
- RNA has Uracil (U) instead of Thymine; Uracil pairs with Adenine (A).
Lesson 2
- Describe a chromosome.
- A long DNA molecule wound around proteins (histones), containing many genes. Visible during cell division as one or two sister chromatids joined at a centromere. Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).
Lesson 2
- What types of cells undergo meiosis, and what is produced during meiosis?
- Sex cells (germ cells) in the gonads undergo meiosis. Meiosis produces four genetically different haploid gametes (sperm or eggs).
Lesson 2
- What is crossing over, and in what phase of meiosis does it occur?
- Crossing over is the exchange of DNA segments between homologous chromosomes, creating new allele combinations. It occurs during Prophase I of meiosis.
Lesson 2
- Describe the Law of Independent Assortment.
- During gamete formation, alleles of different genes (on different chromosomes) segregate independently, so inheritance of one trait usually doesn’t affect inheritance of another (unless genes are linked).
Lesson 3
- What are amino acids?
- Building blocks of proteins; each protein is a chain of amino acids.
- How many are there?
- 20 standard amino acids used by cells.
- What is a codon?
- A sequence of three mRNA nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid or a stop signal.
Lesson 4
- What are environmental factors and how does it relate to genetics?
- Environmental factors = non-genetic influences like temperature, nutrition, light, chemicals, stress. They can change how genes are expressed (phenotype) — e.g., temperature affecting fur color, nutrition affecting height; epigenetics can alter gene activity without changing DNA sequence.
Lesson 5
- Summarize the types of mutations.
- Substitution: one base is replaced by another (can be silent, missense, or nonsense).
- Insertion: one or more bases are added into the sequence.
- Deletion: one or more bases are removed from the sequence.
- Frameshift: insertion or deletion that shifts the reading frame, changing every codon downstream.
- Viable error: a mutation that does not prevent survival (may be neutral or beneficial); organism can live with the change.
- (Notes: substitutions can be mild or severe; frameshifts are often more harmful because they alter many amino acids.)
Lesson 5
- What are homologous chromosomes?
- A pair of chromosomes (one from each parent) that are the same size and shape and carry the same kinds of genes in the same order, though they can have different alleles.
Lesson 6
- What are somatic cells? What happens if there is a mutation on a somatic cell?
- Somatic cells = body cells (all cells except sperm/egg). A mutation in a somatic cell affects only that cell and its descendants (can cause cancer or a localized problem) but is not passed to offspring.
Lesson 6
- Why does color blindness affect males more than females?
- Color blindness is usually X-linked recessive. Males (XY) have only one X, so a single defective allele causes the condition. Females (XX) need two defective alleles to show the trait, so it’s less common in females.
Lesson 7
- Are all mutations a bad thing? Explain.
- No. Mutations can be harmful, neutral, or beneficial. Beneficial mutations can improve survival or reproduction and drive evolution. Many mutations are neutral and have no noticeable effect.
Lesson 9
- What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
- Genotype = the genetic makeup (the alleles an organism carries). Phenotype = the observable traits (result of genotype + environment).
Lesson 9
- What is the difference between codominance, and incomplete dominance?
- Codominance: both alleles are fully expressed together (e.g., AB blood — both A and B shown).
- Incomplete dominance: heterozygote shows an intermediate (blended) phenotype (e.g., red + white = pink).
Lesson 8
- How do you know which allele for a trait is dominant?
- The dominant allele is the one whose trait appears in the heterozygote (it masks the recessive allele). You can determine dominance by looking at offspring from crosses (a testcross with a homozygous recessive reveals if the parent is homozygous dominant or heterozygous).
Punnett square practice (assuming parents are Tt × Tt; T = brown eyes dominant, t = blue eyes recessive)
Parent alleles: top: T | t
Left side: T | t
Square results:
- Top-left: T × T = TT
- Top-right: T × t = Tt
- Bottom-left: t × T = Tt
- Bottom-right: t × t = tt
Genotype probabilities:
- TT = 1 out of 4 = 25%
- Tt = 2 out of 4 = 50%
- tt = 1 out of 4 = 25%
Phenotype probabilities:
- Brown eyes (has at least one T) = TT + Tt = 75%
- Blue eyes (tt) = 25%
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