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Gender imbalance. China’s one-child policy lead to gender imbalance due to gender-selective abortions. Document E states that “Ultrasound technology enables doctors and parents to see a picture of the fetus when it is in the mother’s womb. Some Chinese parents chose to abort fetuses that ultrasound revealed to be female.” Some parents chose to terminate pregnancies when the fetus was female and this could raise the gender ratio at birth. This shows that gender imbalance was partially due to pregnant individuals being able to see the gender of their fetuses because of Ultrasound technology.


Source 1. The one-child policy has unquestionably caused fertility to decline more rapidly than it otherwise would have...and has therefore played a significant role in China’s demographic transition...explaining up to one- quarter of its per capita GDP growth in the last three decades....
With that rapid GDP growth has come better nutrition, rising levels of education, longer life expectancies, and higher living standards for the vast majority of Chinese people....
This is not to deny the substantial, and in many cases immeasurable, costs of the policy.... Aside from the obvious economic costs of having more dependents and fewer workers in the population, the policy places a huge burden on single Chinese children at the bottom of the resulting “4 - 2 - 1” family structure (four grandparents, two parents and one child).
Even more consequential is the dramatic rise in China’s sex ratio at birth, the costs of which will be borne by an estimated 30 million or more Chinese men who will be looking for a wife in 2030 but unable to find one. The one-child policy–in combination with a traditional preference for sons and widespread access to ultrasound technology to detect gender* since the mid-1980s–is at least partly to blame.
Other significant emotional costs result from not being allowed to determine your family’s size, being coerced into terminating second pregnancies, or giving birth to a second child who is not allowed to enroll in school or to access the healthcare system.
* Ultrasound technology enables doctors and parents to see a picture of the fetus when it is in the mother’s womb. Some Chinese parents chose to abort fetuses that ultrasound revealed to be female.

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Answered by GPT-5 mini AI
Source 1 notes that the one-child policy, combined with a traditional preference for sons and widespread access to ultrasound technology for prenatal sex detection, dramatically skewed China’s sex ratio at birth and is expected to leave millions of men unable to find spouses by 2030.