Question

are the rights guaranteed by the Bill of Rights that cannot be taken away by law.

Answer 1

You’re describing what are commonly called inalienable (or unalienable) rights, and more specifically the civil liberties protected by the Bill of Rights. Those are constitutional (fundamental) rights the government is meant to respect — e.g., freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, the right to bear arms, protection against unreasonable searches and seizures, due process and trial rights, protection against cruel and unusual punishment, etc.

A few important caveats:
- “Inalienable” is a philosophical term (used in the Declaration of Independence). In practice courts recognize and protect these constitutional rights, but they are not absolute — reasonable limits may be imposed (e.g., speech that incites imminent lawless action, certain public-safety restrictions).
- Most Bill of Rights protections originally restrained the federal government; through the 14th Amendment many have been incorporated to apply to the states as well.
- When disputes arise, courts decide whether a particular law unconstitutionally infringes a protected right.

If you’d like, I can list each Amendment in the Bill of Rights with a short explanation of the protections it provides.