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nanking masscre definition
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The Nanking (Nanjing) Massacre — also called the Rape of Nanking — was a six‑week period of mass killing, sexual violence, and other atrocities carried out by Imperial Japanese Army troops against soldiers and civilians in and around the Chinese city of Nanjing (then romanized “Nanking”) after the city fell on December 13, 1937.
Key points
- Time and place: began after the fall of Nanjing on December 13, 1937; atrocities continued for roughly six weeks.
- What happened: widespread summary executions, mass killings of civilians and disarmed soldiers, mass rape, looting, and arson.
- Victims and scale: estimates vary. Chinese government and many historians cite about 200,000–300,000 killed; other estimates are lower. Tens of thousands of women were raped according to survivor testimony and contemporary reports.
- Evidence: eyewitness accounts from missionaries, foreign diplomats and journalists (e.g., John Rabe, Minnie Vautrin), photographs, burial records, and postwar tribunals and investigations.
- Aftermath: war-crimes trials and continuing historical and political debate, including denialism and disputes over casualty figures and responsibility.
If you want, I can provide a short bibliography of reputable sources, primary accounts, or summaries of the major scholarly estimates and controversies. Which would you prefer?
Key points
- Time and place: began after the fall of Nanjing on December 13, 1937; atrocities continued for roughly six weeks.
- What happened: widespread summary executions, mass killings of civilians and disarmed soldiers, mass rape, looting, and arson.
- Victims and scale: estimates vary. Chinese government and many historians cite about 200,000–300,000 killed; other estimates are lower. Tens of thousands of women were raped according to survivor testimony and contemporary reports.
- Evidence: eyewitness accounts from missionaries, foreign diplomats and journalists (e.g., John Rabe, Minnie Vautrin), photographs, burial records, and postwar tribunals and investigations.
- Aftermath: war-crimes trials and continuing historical and political debate, including denialism and disputes over casualty figures and responsibility.
If you want, I can provide a short bibliography of reputable sources, primary accounts, or summaries of the major scholarly estimates and controversies. Which would you prefer?
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