Asked by moomoo
11. The fall of the Western Roman Empire led to which historical era in Europe?
12. Why did Diocletian split the Roman Empire between Rome and Byzantium?
13. What helped Moscow rise in influence during the 1100s–1200s?
14. What was iconoclasm introduced by Byzantine Emperor Leo III?
15. Who captured Constantinople in 1453 and ended the Byzantine Empire?
16. Which part of Byzantine life was most influenced by Roman traditions?
17. Why did Vladimir the Great convert to Eastern Orthodox Christianity?
18. What church teaching contributed to the Great Schism of 1054?
19. What happened to Christianity after Constantinople fell in 1453?
20. Which military strength did the Mongols develop from their nomadic lifestyle?
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11. The Middle Ages (the medieval era), often called the Early Middle Ages or "Dark Ages" in older sources.
12. To make rule more manageable and improve defense and administration: Diocletian divided the empire (the Tetrarchy) so multiple rulers could respond faster to invasions, regional crises, and the problems of governing a vast territory.
13. Moscow’s rise owed to its strategic location on trade routes, the accumulating power of its princes (who collected tribute and unified nearby lands), cooperation with the Mongol khans (which brought titles and legitimacy), and its growing role as a religious center for Rus'.
14. Iconoclasm was Leo III’s policy opposing the veneration of religious images (icons): removing and destroying icons as idolatrous and banning their public use, which sparked intense religious and political conflict.
15. Sultan Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire (Mehmed the Conqueror).
16. Law and government/administration—Byzantine legal codes (Roman law) and imperial bureaucratic institutions were the most heavily shaped by Roman traditions.
17. Vladimir converted to Eastern Orthodox Christianity to unify Kievan Rus, gain political legitimacy, strengthen ties with the powerful Byzantine Empire, and adopt its advanced liturgy and culture (traditionally tied to the prestige of Hagia Sophia).
18. The Western addition of the Filioque clause to the Nicene Creed (and the related dispute over papal authority/primacy) was a major theological issue that helped produce the Great Schism.
19. After 1453 Orthodox Christianity continued under Ottoman rule: the church survived as a protected but subordinate millet (community) with reduced political power; some churches were converted to mosques, and Moscow increasingly claimed leadership of Orthodoxy.
20. Highly mobile mounted cavalry—expert horsemanship and horse-archer tactics (speed, maneuverability, and composite bows) developed from their nomadic steppe lifestyle.
12. To make rule more manageable and improve defense and administration: Diocletian divided the empire (the Tetrarchy) so multiple rulers could respond faster to invasions, regional crises, and the problems of governing a vast territory.
13. Moscow’s rise owed to its strategic location on trade routes, the accumulating power of its princes (who collected tribute and unified nearby lands), cooperation with the Mongol khans (which brought titles and legitimacy), and its growing role as a religious center for Rus'.
14. Iconoclasm was Leo III’s policy opposing the veneration of religious images (icons): removing and destroying icons as idolatrous and banning their public use, which sparked intense religious and political conflict.
15. Sultan Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire (Mehmed the Conqueror).
16. Law and government/administration—Byzantine legal codes (Roman law) and imperial bureaucratic institutions were the most heavily shaped by Roman traditions.
17. Vladimir converted to Eastern Orthodox Christianity to unify Kievan Rus, gain political legitimacy, strengthen ties with the powerful Byzantine Empire, and adopt its advanced liturgy and culture (traditionally tied to the prestige of Hagia Sophia).
18. The Western addition of the Filioque clause to the Nicene Creed (and the related dispute over papal authority/primacy) was a major theological issue that helped produce the Great Schism.
19. After 1453 Orthodox Christianity continued under Ottoman rule: the church survived as a protected but subordinate millet (community) with reduced political power; some churches were converted to mosques, and Moscow increasingly claimed leadership of Orthodoxy.
20. Highly mobile mounted cavalry—expert horsemanship and horse-archer tactics (speed, maneuverability, and composite bows) developed from their nomadic steppe lifestyle.
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