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Answer the lab question (“What is the effect of temperature on the solubility of a solid in a liquid?”) with a hypothesis:
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Hypothesis (testable): If the temperature of the solvent increases, then the solubility of the solid will increase — i.e., more grams of solute will dissolve per 100 g of solvent at higher temperatures — because higher temperature increases molecular motion and helps overcome the solute’s lattice energy so more solute particles can mix with the solvent.
Null hypothesis: Temperature has no effect on the amount of solid that dissolves.
Variables to measure/control:
- Independent variable: temperature of the solvent (°C).
- Dependent variable: solubility (g solute dissolved per 100 g solvent at equilibrium).
- Controls: solvent identity and volume, identity and initial particle size of the solid, pressure, stirring method and time, and purity.
Note: Most solids show increased solubility with temperature, but some (rare) solids whose dissolution is exothermic can show decreased solubility as temperature rises.
Null hypothesis: Temperature has no effect on the amount of solid that dissolves.
Variables to measure/control:
- Independent variable: temperature of the solvent (°C).
- Dependent variable: solubility (g solute dissolved per 100 g solvent at equilibrium).
- Controls: solvent identity and volume, identity and initial particle size of the solid, pressure, stirring method and time, and purity.
Note: Most solids show increased solubility with temperature, but some (rare) solids whose dissolution is exothermic can show decreased solubility as temperature rises.
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