Question

When European nations established colonies in Africa in the late 1800s, they

controlled colonies’ government but gave colonies economic control.
allowed colonies to run their government but held economic control.
exercised complete economic and political control over the colonies.
negotiated with colonies to determine economic and political control.

Answer 1

exercised complete economic and political control over the colonies.

Briefly: during the "Scramble for Africa" European powers set up colonial administrations (direct or indirect rule) and controlled laws, governance, trade, resources and labor to benefit the metropoles.